Essay --

When asked to evaluate the contribution to marketing made by an influential scholar, I decided to choose Phillip Kotler. Phillip Kotler was born on the 27th of May 1931 in Chicago. He was a character who strived during his educational times as he contains a Masters degree from the University of Chicago as well as a PhD from MIT both in the field of Economics. He is known as not just a famous Marketer but a renown author who has published over 55 books such as â€Å"Principles of Marketingâ€Å" â€Å" A Framework for Marketing Managementâ€Å" and â€Å"Marketing 3.0â€Å". The main reason I chose to study Kotler was that over his lifetime he was widely known for his efforts made to the modern marketing era. Of these acknowledgements made I would like to focus in on what I think are his three main contributes to marketing. Firstly, he was given the title as the â€Å"Father of modern marketing† which was seen in the eyes of the nearly all who study marketing. This title was given to him due to his outstanding knowledge and simplest ways to describe and focus in on the future fundamentals of marketing. Secondly, He one of the worlds’s leading authors on marketing placing 4th as an influential character behind the likes of Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. Finally, Kotler is said to be the founders behind the widely known 4 P’s, he is "the world's foremost expert on the strategic practice of marketing" (by Management Centre Europe). Professor Kotler is the expert marketer who discovered the 4 Ps of Marketing. This discovery is one of the most influentia... ...her one of his books â€Å"Marketing Management† is one his widely used graduate level textbook. Many students studying marketing refer to this book, he developed ideas and concepts in marketing including atmospherics (the store's layout, noise level, temperature, lighting), demarketing (reverse marketing in which a company discourages product demand in areas where they cannot realize a desired profit), megamarketing (type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firm's external environment), and synchromarketing (activity intended to shift the pattern of demand to that it equates more suitably with the ideal pattern of supply). Kotler believes that marketing theory needs to go beyond price theory and incorporate the dynamics of innovation, distribution and promotion systems into analyzing, explaining and predicting economic outcomes.

Aristotle or a post-modern anti-hero?

In On the Road Jack Kerouac produces what has become known as the archetypal Beat hero, Dean Moriaty. An analysis of whether he is closer to a traditional Aristotelian hero or to the postmodern anti-hero will reveal much about the often contradictory forces at work within the â€Å"rhythms of fifties underground America, jazz, sex, generosity, chill dawns and drugs . . . â€Å" (Holmes, 1957). Before discussing which Moriaty is closer to it will be necessary to briefly define both the traditional and the postmodern hero, identifying what they hold in common and what divides them.The traditional Aristotelian hero is a high-born man, normally royal or at least from the aristocracy who appears to be on top of the world at the beginning of his story. He has many advantages, both natural and acquired. He is often successful, popular with others and apparently happy. The tragic hero normally has something that has been called â€Å"the fatal flaw† (Kaufmann, 1992). This flaw may b e something he has no blame for, such as the heel that makes Achilles physically vulnerable, the jealousy that makes Othello emotionally vulnerable or the introspection that makes Hamlet delay so long. This fatal flaw often leads, in one way or another, to the downfall of the tragic hero.So the traditional tragic hero falls from a high social position to disgrace and/or death through circumstance and through his supposed fatal flaw. Aristotle said that his fate should inspire â€Å"pity and fear† within the audience (Aristotle, 2001).   Pity for the fate of the individual tragic hero and fear that they might fall into a similar situation themselves.   By contrast, the anti-hero is, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"a main character in a dramatic or narrative work who is characterized by a lack of traditional heroic qualities, such as idealism of courage† (America, 1992).Some clue to which definition of protagonist – hero or anti-hero †“ Dean Moriaty falls can be found within the fact that the very term â€Å"anti-hero† is in fact a Twentieth Century invention (Lawall, 1966).   The idea of the anti-hero is in many ways linked to early twentieth century philosophies such as Existentialism, which suggested that life has little meaning and that no absolute standards of morality are relevant. The anti-hero creates his own sense of values, often from moment to moment, according to the needs of the moment. The postmodern anti-hero takes on similar propensities, although he is even more extreme. The â€Å"Man-With-No-Name† character that Clint Eastwood played in the 1960’s spaghetti westerns is perhaps the classic postmodern anti-hero.The world of these westerns does not have â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† as could be identified by the white/black horses, the white/black cowboy hats and the handsome/ugly actors of the traditional Western. There are merely shades of darkness in the spag hetti western, and the same can be said for most of the characters in On the Road, set as it is within a world of constant wandering throughout America that is in some ways very similar to a western.One of the most important facets of On the Road is the fact that there are two main characters. First, there is Sal Paradise, the titular narrator of the novel that has been more or less associated with Kerouac himself; and second, there is Dean Moriaty. The reader is rapidly and constantly drawn into views of Dean Moriaty. Sal describes him as â€Å"simply a youth tremendously excited with life† who possesses â€Å"a kind of holy lightning . .. flashing from his excitement and his visions† (Kerouac, 1957).   Later Dean is described as â€Å"the holy con-man with the shining mind† (Kerouac, 1957).So in the manner of both the hero and the anti-hero, Dean is a charismatic character who draws others to him through the sheer energy that he exudes and his apparent zest for everything life has to offer. But Dean is very low born. He is apparently the son of an alcoholic who was never really raised properly and who has had criminal propensities from a very young age. Dean has been in prison for stealing cars. While traditional tragic heroes may commit the most serious of crimes (often murder) they are not normally criminal in a conventional sense. There is something petty and hopeless about the kind of criminality that Dean Moriaty displays.But in the best tradition of the postmodern anti-hero, Dean has learned a lot about how to live from his incarceration. He states, with characteristic bluntness:Only a guy who’s spent five years in jail can go to such maniacal  helpless extremes . . . prison is where you promise yourself the  right to live.  (Kerouac, 1957)So the anti-hero discovers himself through falling from grace, even if he probably did not have far to fall in the first place. Rather than going to his death or languishing in the shame of his crimes he lives out the years of his imprisonment and then comes out to go â€Å"on the road†. In one sense the novel shows what might happen when the tragic hero has fallen, been transformed and emerged as a postmodern anti-hero.Dean does fall further however, especially as the novel continues and the novelty of being free to do as he wishes starts to wear thin. Thus his abandonment of his wife and child are brought to his attention, indeed he is confronted with it. Sal, ever the intelligent observer, states that â€Å"where once Dean would have talked his way out, now he fell silent . . . he was BEAT† (Kerouac, 1957).The protagonist of the novel goes through it performing decidedly un-heroic deeds such as this abandonment. He also expresses a constant and rather disturbing attraction for very young girls, often only 12 or 13, especially those who are prostitutes and thus totally vulnerable to his desires. Near the end of the novel he actually abandons S al as he lies sick in Mexico City. Ultimately Sal comes to see Dean in a very brutal light, oine that hardly meets any kind of definition other than a decidedly anti-hero:. . . when I got better I realized what a rat he was, but then I hadbto understand the impossible complexity of his life, how he had toleave me there, sick, to get on with his wives and woes.b(Kerouac, 1957) (emphasis added)Dean is thus essentially a coward, and a lack of courage is never part of the character of a tragic hero, whatever other faults he may possess. But Sal, in characteristically postmodern fashion, does not blame Dean for his cowardice and being a â€Å"rat†. The postmodern condition is one in which there are no absolute standards of ethics and thus everything is more or less forgiven.It is the â€Å"complexity† of his life that Sal feels makes Dean constantly abandon people. He is just another character who moves through an aimless world with little to concern him except an increasin gly futile search for a purely hedonistic lifestyle.The constant traveling in the book makes Dean an anti-hero rather than a hero. While many tragic heroes travel (Aeschylus, Odysseus) they nearly always have some kind of destination – whether it be ethical or geographical, in mind. The characters of On the Road travel constantly, but with, to quote a popular song of the period â€Å"no particular place to go†. They travel for the sake of traveling.   This aimless travel is a symbol for the lack of a higher ethical or religious structure within which to live. The characters of On the Road are sure of nothing, except that, as Sal says at the end of the book â€Å"nobody knows what’s going to happen to anybody besides the forlorn rags of growing old† (Kerouac, 1957).Dean moves from the West to the East to the West to the South . . .   and on with a sense of rather melancholy endlessness. At the end of the novel Dean returns to the West Coast on his own, and Sal ruminates upon the sad meaninglessness of life. While much has happened in the novel in some senses, in the classic, Aristotelian sense very little has occurred that will permanently change people. On the Road has no simple dramatic structure. There is no climax and denouement. Rather it is a formless kind of a quest story in which the search is an end in itself.This endless quest give On the Road   a post-modern structure. The characters are on an existential search for themselves that seems doomed to failure. Dean Moriaty is the archetypal post-modern anti-hero within this quest. He draws people to him, and they travel thousands of miles in order to be a part of his wandering life. But when he loses interest in them he drops them with what appears to be a callous disregard for the consequences. But there is something â€Å"heroic† in his actions as he is at least being honest. He is being true to himself. If that â€Å"self† much of the time is cowardly, c asually cruel, vaguely criminal and pedophilic in nature then he will still reveal it.To conclude, it seems clear that Dean Moriaty, the protagonist of On the Road is far nearer to a post-modern anti-hero than   to a traditional, classical hero. The world that he inhabits is one in which there is little meaning. It is an often dark, forbidding place in which the Cold War threatens nuclear missiles and in which a kind of despairing hedonism is the only course of action which seems relevant to most of the characters. They move around the country at an often dizzying rate, driving all night long for no apparent reason other than the fact they are moving. Romantic relationships are often little more than brief romantic liaisons and marriages are abandoned with the same disregard for consequences that the children that have come from them are thrown away. Dean Moriaty is a post-modern anti-hero, one that a myriad of similar figures have been more or less based upon in the fifty years s ince On the Road   was first publish.Works CitedAmerican Heritage Dictionary, Dell, New York: 1992.Aristotle, The Basic Works of Aristotle, Modern Library, New York: 2001.Holmes, Richard. â€Å"On the Road Review†. The Times, London: 1957.Kaufmann, Walter. Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton UP, New York: 1992.Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. Penguin, New York: 1957.Lawall, Greg. â€Å"Apollonius Argonautica. Jason as Anti-Hero†. Yale Classical Studies. 19, 119-169.

Metamorphosis in Indian Telecom Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3005 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Metamorphosis in Telecom Industry Abstract: Today, Telecommunications is one of the fastest-growing areas of technology in the world. Because of its rapid growth, businesses and individuals can access information at electronic speed from almost anywhere in the world. By including telecommunications in their operations, businesses can provide better services and products to their customers. For individuals, telecommunications provides access to worldwide information and services. India’s telephone network is one of the largest communication networks in the world which continues to grow at blistering pace. The Indian Telecommunications network with 621 million connections (as on March 2010) is the third largest network after China USA and the fastest growing market with a growth rate of 45% in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. The telecommunication sector continued to register significant success during the past few years and has emerged as one of the key sectors responsible for India’s resurgent and its economic growth. This rapid growth has been possible due to various proactive and positive decisions of the Government and contribution of both by the public and the private sector. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Metamorphosis in Indian Telecom Industry" essay for you Create order The rapid strides in the telecom sector have been facilitated by liberal policies of the Government that provide easy market access for telecom equipment and a fair regulatory framework for offering telecom services to the Indian consumers at affordable prices. Indian telecommunication sector has undergone a major process of transformation through significant policy reforms, particularly beginning with the announcement of National Telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 and was subsequently re-emphasized and carried forward under NTP 1999. Driven by various policy initiatives, the Indian telecom sector witnessed a complete transformation in the last decade. It has achieved a phenomenal growth during the last few years and is poised to take a big leap in the future also. Presently, all the telecom services have been opened for private participation. Keywords: Telecommunication, Consumers, Teledensity, 3G Services, Technology In today’s information age, the telecommunication industry has a vital role to play. Considered as the backbone of industrial and economic development, the industry has been aiding delivery of voice and data services at rapidly increasing speeds, and thus, has been revolutionising human communication. The development of the telecom sector has experienced a major process of transformation in terms of its growth, technological content, and market structure in the last decade through policy reforms introduced by the Government. The impetus of these changes is expected to continue, and at a much faster pace. INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION Indian telecom sector is more than 165 years old. Telecommunications was first introduced in India in 1851 when the first operational landlines were laid by the government near Kolkata (then Calcutta), although telephone services were formally introduced in India much later in 1881. Further, in 1883, telephone services were merged with the postal system. In 1947, after India attained independence, all foreign telecommunication companies were nationalised to form the Posts, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), a body that was governed by the Ministry of Communication. The first wind of reforms in telecommunications sector began to flow in 1980s when the private sector was allowed in telecommunications equipment manufacturing. The government concretised its earlier efforts towards developing RD in the sector by setting up an autonomous body – Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in 1984 to develop state-of-the-art telecommunication technology to meet the growing needs of the Indian telecommunication network. In 1985, Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was established. It was an exclusive provider of domestic and long-distance service that would be its own regulator (separate from the postal system). In 1986, two wholly government-owned companies were created: the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) for international telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) for service in metropolitan areas. The actual evolution of the industry started after the Government separated the Department of Post nd Telegraph in 1985 by setting up the Department of Posts and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The entire evolution of the telecom industry can be classified into three distinct phases. * Phase I- Pre-Liberalisation Era (1980-89) * Phase II- Post Liberalisation Era (1990-99) * Phase III- Post 2000 Until the late 90s the Government of India held a monopoly on all types of communications – as a result of the Telegraph Act of 1885. Until the industry was liberalised in the early nineties, it was a heavily government-controlled and small-sized market, Government policies have played a key role in shaping the structure and size of the Telecom industry in India. As a result, the Indian telecom market is one of the most liberalised markets in the world with private participation in almost all of its segments. The New Telecom Policy (NTP-99) provided the much needed impetus to the growth of this industry and set the trend for liberalisation in the industry. NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY 1994 In 1994, the Government announced the National Telecom Policy which defined certain important objectives, including availability of telephone on demand, provision of world class services at reasonable prices, improving India’s competitiveness in global market and promoting exports, attractive FDI and stimulating domestic investment, ensuring India’s emergence as major manufacturing / export base of telecom equipment and universal availability of basic telecom services to all villages. It also announced a series of specific targets to be achieved by 1997. NEW TELECOM POLICY 1999 The most important milestone and instrument of telecom reforms in India  is  the New Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP 99). The New Telecom Policy, 1999 (NTP-99) was approved on 26th March 1999, to become effective from 1st April 1999. NTP-99 laid down a clear roadmap for future reforms, contemplating the opening up of all the segments of the telecom sector for private sector participation. It clearly recognized the need for strengthening the regulatory regime as well as restructuring the departmental telecom services to that of a public sector corporation so as to separate the licensing and policy functions of the Government from that of being an operator. It also recognized the need for resolving the prevailing problems faced by the operators so as to restore their confidence and improve the investment climate. Key features of the NTP 99 include: * Strengthening of Regulator. National long distance services opened to private operators. * International Long Distance Services opened to private sectors. * Private telecom operators licensed on a revenue sharing basis, plus a one-time entry fee. Resolution of problems of existing operators envisaged. * Direct interconnectivity and sharing of network with other telecom operators within the service area was permitted. * Department of Telecommunication Services (DTS) corporatized in 2000. * Spectrum Management made transparen t and more efficient. All the commitments made under NTP 99  have been fulfilled; each one of them, in letter and spirit, some even ahead of schedule, and the reform process is now complete with all the sectors in telecommunications opened for private competition. CURRENT STATUS Globalisation has made telecommunication an integral part of the infrastructure of the Indian economy. The telecom sector in India has developed as a result of progressive regulatory regime. The Indian telecom market has been displaying sustained high growth rates. Riding on expectations of overall high economic growth and consequent rising income levels, it offers an unprecedented opportunity for foreign investment. A combination of factors is driving growth in the telecom market, promising rich returns on investments. It has also experienced a rapid growth over the past decade on account of regulatory liberalisation, structural reforms and competition, making telecom one of the major catalysts in India’s growth story. However, much of this growth can be attributed to the unprecedented growth in mobile telephony as the number of mobile subscribers grew at an astounding rate. The year 2009, saw the Indian telecom sector add 170 million phone connections to take the total subscriber base to 550 million. T R Dua, Deputy Director General of Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), said, â€Å"It is indeed a matter of great satisfaction that the Indian telecom industry continued to grow even when most other sectors grappled with a demand slowdown. † Studies have shown that in India, the telecom sector has been a major enabler of economic growth. An Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) study has shown that states with higher mobile penetration are forecast to grow faster. At present, the Indian telecom market is the fastest growing in the world with the lowest tariffs and currently market leaders in the Indian telecom sector are launching plans to compete with new operators. The year 2009 saw telecom players shift from per minute billing to per second billing. The Indian telecom industry is characterised with intense competition, and continuous price wars. Currently, there are around a dozen telecom service providers who operate in the wired and wireless segment. The government has been periodically implementing suitable fiscal and promotional policies to boost domestic demand and to create volumes for the industry. The Indian telecom market size of over US $ 8 billion is expected to increase three fold by 2012. The Indian telecom industry has immense growth potential as the teledensity in the country is just 36 as compared with 60 in the US, 102 in the UK and 58 in Canada. The wireless segment growth has played a dominant role in taking the teledensity to the current levels. In the next few years, the industry is poised to grow further; in fact, it has already entered a consolidation phase as foreign players are struggling to acquire a pie in this dynamic industry. The Indian Telecom Analysis (2008-2012) report by RNCOS Industry Research Solutions shows that mobile telecom segment has surpassed all other segments in the Indian telecom sector. (The mobile telecom market is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate of around 15 per cent between 2009-10 and 2013-14. The report also indicates that the advance of services such as Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and 3G are fuelling the growth of the Indian telecom sector. Meanwhile, Bangladeshs telecom regulator granted approval to Indian telecom operator, Bharti Airtel’s US$ 300 million proposed investment for a 70 per cent stake in the Abu Dhabi Groups Warid Telecom of Bangladesh. This a pproval makes the company the first Indian operator from the Indian telecom sector to foray into Bangladeshs mobile market. Indian telecom companies are following the trend of global telecom companies such as France Telecom, AT;T and Vodafone to capitalise on the excitement in the mobile applications space—mobile service provider Aircel has partnered Infosys Technologies to launch the first mobile application in the Indian telecom sector. Also, Airtel is considering partnering software company IBM to launch app stores in 2010. This signals the increasing recognition among operators in the Indian telecom sector that the way ahead for mobile technology lies with independent developers. In another development in the Indian telecom sector, Tata Teleservices Ltd (TTSL) has partnered Novatium Solutions Ltd to launch what is said to be the country’s first cloud computing service over wireless broadband, ‘Nova Navigator. The Navigator is being described as a ‘zero maintenance access device with features such as 3G support and plug and play printer support and multimedia support. In a development that will provide fundamental benefits to services offered by the Indian telecom sector, Tata Communications and China Telecom Corp are to jointly build a 500-km optical fibre cable network between the two countries in 2010. Along with the investments of Tata Communications in other subsea cable investments, the India-China Terrestrial Cable will provide high-speed connectivity between Asia and Europe. FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTUS OF TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA Both fixed line and mobile segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance calls and the international calls, with the provision of broadband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the mobile arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. Mobile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messaging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to transform the Indian telecom market. The GSM, CDMA, WLL service providers are all upgrading them to provide 3G mobile services. Along with improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In the beginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of new handsets, such as Nokias latest N-series, Sony Ericssons W-series, Motorolas PDA phones, etc. ave come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multimedia games, MP3 Players, video generators, Cameras, etc. The value added services provided by the mobile service operators contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. FACTOR S FACILITATING GROWTH OF THE SECTOR The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was brought about by the wireless revolution that began in the nineties. Besides this, the following factors also aided the growth of the industry. Liberalisation The relaxation of telecom regulations has played a major role in the development of the Indian telecom industry. The liberalisation policies of 1991 and the consequent influx of private players have led the industry on a high growth trajectory and have increased the level of competition. Post-liberalisation, the telecom industry has received more investments and has implemented higher technology. Increasing Affordability of Handsets The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was predominantly aided by the meteoric rise in wireless subscribers, which encouraged mobile handset manufacturers to enter the market and to cater to the growing demand. Further, the manufacturers introduced lower-priced handsets with add-on facilities to cater to the increasing number of subscribers from different strata of the society. Now even entry-level handsets come with features like coloured display and FM radio. Thus, the falling handset prices and the add-on features have triggered growth of the Indian telecom industry. Prepaid Cards Bring in More Subscribers In the late nineties, India was introduced to prepaid cards, which was yet another milestone for the wireless sector. Prepaid cards lured more subscribers into the industry besides lowering the credit risk of service providers due to its upfront payment concept. Prepaid cards were quite a phenomenon among first-time users who wanted to control their bills and students who had limited resources but greater need to be connected. Pre-paid cards greatly helped the cellular market to grow rapidly and cater to the untapped market. Further, the introduction of innovative schemes like recharge coupons of smaller denominations and life time incoming free cards has led to an exponential growth in the subscriber base. Introduction of Calling Party Pays (CPP) The CPP regime was introduced in India in 2003 and under this regime, the calling party who initiated the call was to bear the entire cost of the call. This regime came to be applicable for mobile to mobile calls as well as fixed line to mobile calls. So far India had followed the Receiving Party Pays (RPP) system where the subscriber used to pay for incoming calls from both mobile as well as fixedline networks. Shifting to the CPP system has greatly fuelled the subscriber growth in the sector. Changing Demographic Profile The changing demographic profile of India has also played an important role in subscriber growth. The changed profile is characterised by a large young population, a burgeoning middle class with growing disposable income, urbanisation, increasing literacy levels and higher adaptability to technology. These new features have multiplied the need to be connected always and to own a wireless phone and therefore, in present times mobiles are perceived as a utility rather than a luxury. Increased Competition ; Declining Tariffs Liberalisation of the telecom industry has fuelled intense competition, especially in the cellular segment. The ever-increasing competition has led to high growth of subscribers and has put pressure on tariffs, which have seen a sharp drop over the years. When the cellular phones were introduced, call rates were at a peak of Rs 16 per minute and there were charges for incoming calls too. Today, however, incoming calls are no longer charged and outgoing calls are charged at less than a rupee per minute. Thus, the tariff war has come a long way indeed. Increased competition and the subsequent tariff war have acted as a major catalyst for attracting more subscribers. Apart from these major growth drivers, an improved network coverage, entry of CDMA players, growth of value-added services (VAS), advancement in technology, and growing data services have also driven the growth of the industry. CONCLUSION The telecom industry in India has experienced exponential growth over the past few years and has been an important contributor to economic growth; however, the cut-throat competition and intense tariff wars have had a negative impact on the revenue of players. Despite the challenges, the Indian telecom industry will thrive because of the immense potential in terms of new users. India is one of the most-attractive telecom markets because it is still one of the lowest penetrated markets. The government is keen on developing rural telecom infrastructure and is also set to roll out next generation or 3G services in the country. Operators are on an expansion mode and are investing heavily on telecom infrastructure. Foreign telecom companies are acquiring considerable stakes in Indian companies. Burgeoning middle class and increasing spending power, the government’s thrust on increasing rural telecom coverage, favourable investment climate and positive reforms will ensure that India’s high potential is indeed realised. The government has eased the rules regarding inter circle and intra circle mergers. This has led to a slew of mergers and acquisitions in the recent past. Also as the sector is moving closer to maturity, further consolidation is a reality and this will lead to the survival of more profitable players in this segment. In order to further promote the use of Internet in the country the government is taking proactive steps to develop this sector with the help of the various players in this segment. For this purpose, the use of broadband technology is being mooted and this will go a long way in improving the productivity of the Indian economy as well as turn out to be the next big opportunity for telecom companies after the mobile communications segment. References www. indiatelecom. org www. trai. gov. in www. telecommindia. com www. telecomindiaonline. com/ www. dot. gov. in/

The Myrtles Plantation A Site Of Dehumanization - 992 Words

The Myrtles Plantation can be understood as a site of dehumanization. It is located in St. Francisville, Louisiana. David Bradford built the plantation in 1794 on an ancient Tunica Indian burial gound (The Moonlight Road). After his death, the property was passed down to different family members and own by various other families (The Myrtles Plantation). The house is rumoured to be the site for more than 10 murders and suicides and at least 12 ghosts (The Myrtles Plantation). The plantation was built on an ancient Indigenous burial land and it was home to a number of different families who owned Black slaves. Thus, the plantation is haunted not only by instances of terror, but is also haunted by these histories of violence. The house and property conjures feelings of hate, disrespect and the belittling of others. From the hanging of Black slaves to the mysterious murders and happenings of the house, The Myrtles Plantation invokes feelings of unresolved social and economic violence. T he haunting of The Myrtles Planation does not simply refer to the unrest of certain sprits but rather it is haunted by the inherent dehumanization of certain bodies on the basis of race, gender, and class. Thus, this paper will be an analysis of The Myrtles Planation as a haunted house. It will prove that The Myrtles Plantation is haunted by the histories of violence and oppression that occurred within the space, which manifests through ghosts and sprits that are eternally subjected to unrest due

1. Background To Market. The Market That This Report Will

1. Background to market The market that this report will focus on will be the industry for children’s clothing, but in particular the trend towards clothing that makes a clear attempt to be fashion forward, targeted for 0-14 year olds. Gone are the days of throwing on those hand-me-down overalls and whatever t-shirt has the least stains on it, instead, Kay (2017) identifies the trend of women â€Å"indulging† far more in dressing their children. Parents and, in particular, mothers, are spending more and more on everything from high-end brand names like Gucci and Dolce and Gabbana, to affordable, celebrity-endorsed fashion lines like former model and Spice Girls Victoria Beckham’s new range at Target in the US. While the market isn’t a†¦show more content†¦Wolf, Buckets Spades and Sudo and up until this year, the recently closed Pumpkin Patch. All of the previous (excluding Pumpkin Patch) are available both online and instore. 2. Market Analysis Key statistics for the Australian Melbourne market: †¢ In Australia in the 2015-16 financial year, the total revenue for children’s wear was $3,341.2 million (Magner 2016). †¢ In 2012-13 Australia had 2.3 million families living with at least one child aged 0-17 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015). †¢ In 2011, Melbourne had 1,055,604 families with an average 1.8 children per family. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013) †¢ In 2011, Melbourne had 739,182 children aged 0-14, making up 18% of the population. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013) †¢ Population aged 0-14 was likely to increase for 2015-16 (Magner 2016). †¢ Real Household disposable income was likely to increase in 2015-16 (Magner 2016). †¢ In 2011, median weekly income for families in Melbourne was $2,346 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013) †¢ Family households in Australia are projected to increase from 6.0 million in 2011 to between 8.7 and 8.8 million in 2031 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015) In Melbourne, the children’s fashion scene is already well established.Show MoreRelatedA Research Report On Nike1612 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMARY This situational analysis focuses on a world leading brand Nike. Firms undertake a situational analysis and planning process to identify and justify appropriate marketing opportunities for growth. This report provides an introduction to Nike with a background to the Company, its history and its product. 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Human Sexuality free essay sample

Healthy Sexuality from a Christian’s World View CCOU 305 Healthy Sexuality Book Review and Critique of The Gift of Sex Written by Clifford and Joyce Penner Abstract God Created both man and women in his image and called it good. Adam needed a partner, a helper in which he could join hands with and enjoy life with a lifelong mate. As they became husbands and wife, called by God called them to be fruitful and multiply through child bearing. God has given the gift of sex to be enjoyed by each partner in the Marriage bed. The term sex has is meant to be an expression of Gods character his longing to be one with his creation. Exploring human sexually form Christian point of view help Christians and non-Christian’s reform the meaning of love , sex, and marriage as God intended sex to be enjoyed reflect his desire to be united with his creation. Exploring Healthy Sexuality: A Biblical Perspective Sexuality is a gift from God, in fact he values men’s and women’s sexuality and sexual desires. However the moral values of society has made sex form of personal gratification and fulfillment, instead of a mutual expression of emotional and physical bonding between and man and a women. One author Wrote â€Å"†¦in the truest sense , the fall into sin was a fall out of relationship.. out of our secure place and belonging with God into self absorbed isolation and inner emptiness (Willson, 1998 ) Both men and women are ill learned concerning human sexuality, The biblical expression of sexuality is to be views as a prized gift. The gift of sex has been lost in many marriages because of the lack to education and proper biblical teaching on the subject of sexuality. The author of Intended for pleasure wrote, â€Å"God so designed is that we cannot truly be satisfied with mere physical nd physiological relief in sex, The world , which often tries to view love and sex in marriage as two separate entities, has missed the Point. In God’s perfect design, it is in marriage characterized by agape love that all emotions of love increase and multiply† (Wheat and Wheat, 2010). The world view concerning sex is wrong, and has and continues to wreak havoc on human race. If single and married men and women don’t try to learn a biblical point of view concerning sex, and in sexuality in a way that honors God, the marriage and the single man and women will still wonder in isolation and emptiness. One author wrote â€Å" Making a relationship work doesn’t depend on recognizing differences, it’s a matter of appreciating those differences (Parrot, L amp;l L 1995). The bible portrays sex as reflection of our relationship with God, reflecting the deepest of commitment that we can share with another human. Children of God are created for relationship; our sexuality both for men and women is a deep expression of ta desire to be connected to another. Their is a book titled â€Å"What if God designed marriage to make us holy more than to make us happy (Thomas, 2002) Perhaps men and women just don’t see clearly concerning sexuality and gender differences. It would seem that the wonderful, erotic and fulfilling union a person can share with a mate is also a expression of how intensely connected Christian can be to God. One author is noted as saying â€Å"The kingdom of God – the nature and character of God , as well as the outworking of God’s plan on earth – was to be played out in and though man and women and the concept of family. There God pronounces His blessing† (Hansen, 1997). The symbolism is found on the book of Ephesians chapter 5, â€Å"Husbands love your wife just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her. The sexual union between man and wife is a picture of God’s desire to become one with his children. Sex is not unclean but a God given gift from God for man and women to share a deep positive message of love, and commitment to the each other and the marriage. Exploring Healthy Sexuality: The Physical Dimension Body image is a part of our self image that deals with how human’s perceive there body’s, it’s appearance to us and to others. Like the human body is truly a piece of art, only God could make a masterpiece that has been inspired artist from all over the world. Psalms 139:14†will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvelous are thy works†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ As person develops there body image in three way’s sensory experience as a child relating to how our body made us feel. Did we have positive feelings as a child when we were touched even effects our perception of our body. The second factor that helps a person develop a self-image is feedback from those whom we value in our lives. ? The third factor is A poor self-image found in the comparison of our self to others. A person’s negative view of their bodies can become a barrier in having a fulfilling sexual experience with a mate. It is written in Gen 1:31 â€Å" and God saw all that he had made and behold , it was very good. † Since our sexual parts are from God we should not be ashamed to explore. It is highly reco mmend that both husband and wife and explore and examine each other genitals together, this act allows for greater confidence and freedom in sexual expression. While doing an self-examination women will find her clitoris, many women report that the most pleasurable place to receive stimulation is around the clitoris. The clitoris is located above the urinary duct. It may be hard to locate at first because there is a hood that covers it. The clitoris is the only organ in human anatomy designed solely for pleasure. God intended women to be able to enjoy sex and give them self’s to there mate in a fulfilling sexual way. The vagina continually produces lubrication. Lubrication is a normal response to sexual response and even at rest. In general the vagina can be referred to as the organ of accommodation, a vagina is a muscular pass away that is changeable in size.. It is noted that women don’t gain the majority of there sexual pleasure with the penis inside of the vagina but women tend to be most responsive to sensual caressing and stimulating of the body through touch and caressing of the breast, and kissing Mystery does not enhance the sexual experience, slow down and take the time to know our body and export your partners, by doing so in a loving a genital way. It is ok for a man to touch his mates gentiles and even use his fingers in a effort to explore the vagina. Though physical touch can help in understanding each other body; the key to exportation of male and female sexuality is communication. A noted Psychologist and author Dr. Hart wrote â€Å" A women’s sexual satisfaction comes from a foundation of trust, romance and the ability to be vulnerable, †¦ her sexual response is motivated more by intimacy needs rather than a need for physical sexual arousal, (1998). The sexualityof a women expressed in marriage moves beyond just physical stimulation. For a husband to truly know his wife sexually he must also explore and know her emotional needs in a the relationship. Moving from girl to women in the young girl hormones primary estrogen and progesterone gradually increase promoting the development of breast tissue, boarding of hips, hair growth in the genital area. This change can happen in girls early as ten to twenty years of age, 200 years ago the age was around sixteen to eighteen years of age. Changes happen to a women sexually through out there life time. Even at Menopause a women experiences lessening of vaginal lubrication. Some boys may have a nocturnal emission, and testosterone gradually builds with in a boys bodies. Testosterone is the primary hormone responsible for sex drive, in both men and women. When, a female child is violated as a she may shuts down her sexuality, which in turn affects her hormones. The organismic response can be actively pursued by the who has difficulty letting trusting and letting go. But there is hope for restoration. The husband must take the advice of noted author Les Penner, who wrote â€Å" Focus on the person not the parts, enjoy the process of exploration, remember kissing and cuddling does not have to lead to sex, at times slow down the process. , love your wife by helping her relax (1997). There is healing after traumatic sexual experiences the male counterpart in the relationship can and must be aware of his role in the healing process. Exploring Healthy Sexuality: The Total Experience The total response to sexual stimulation goes from getting interested in sex, not hard for us men, to the sensual act to cleaning up after sexual intercourse. Men and women do respond to sexual stimulation differently. Yet there are some common grounds by in which a couple can positively relate in sexuality in spite of gender differences. The human body is bombarded by our senses such as touch, smell, and feeling such as desire. The best way for a married couple to move into generating asexual encounter is by spending time together. The thought sounds simple enough but couples have many distractions. It is best that a couple set time apart to relax and talk and dream dream’s together. At times jobs, children and even houses hold choirs are externals which erode building communication in the marriage which is life giving to a sexual aspect of relationship. The author of Sacred sex wrote â€Å" A couples sexual relationship has a far higher purpose that pleasure or procreation, Sex is the one thing that joins people in to one ( Gardner 2002). There is no universal rule to whom responsibility to imitating sex in a relationship falls upon Great sex does not have to be spontaneous. Men and women have a lot of distractors in life, one of the best ways to safe guard from sexual dysfunction is to pursue a level of communication that expresses , love and emotional security by having a save zone; concerning sexual communication. One author wrote â€Å" The desire to connect is not just a emotional feeling . Bonding is a real powerful connection that cannot be undone without great emotional pain† (Mcllhaney and Bush , 2008. Communication does not have to be limited to words. Communicating sexual desire can be lighting candle or just letting the other partner know that sex is desired. The freedom to communicate is such a way is done my cultivation a safe place p were thought and expression are heard with understanding and empathy. A couple can enjoy connecting throughout the day by communicating acceptance, love and desire throughout the day. Experiencing Sexual Pleasure together Yes Pleasuring one another is a gift from God, sexual pleasure crates a chemical reaction in both the male and female which help’s the two become one. A couple must have the freedom to touch each other in ways that are welcomed and exploratory in nature. Touching the breasts of women in a genital fondling way can cultivate a feeling for the women, the is welcoming. Penner wrote â€Å" Given that an affirmed and adored women tends to get in touch with her sexuality and turned on women is usually a turned – on man, his needs will most certainly be met (1997). Understanding that a women may have hindrances to concerning sexual desire must be understood and accepted by her lover. Sometimes sexual desire must be cultivated and it can sparked if done properly A women sexual desire and urge often follows rather than precedes a feeling of arousal . After all a husband will more likely get his sexual intimacy needs met when he meets his wife’s relational intake needs. In the marriage bed there is a give and take and a sharing that takes place which communicates sexual desire and love along with a desire to feel good physically. There is nothing wrong with such a desire but a couple must be on guard that they do not become selfish in the way they give into the pleasures of sexual intercourse and in the way it is expressed in the marriage bed. At some point during the fondling and caressing and kissing their will be a point when there is a desire for entry. The best time for entry is when the women is ready, allowing her the freedom to guide a man into her will give her the freedom to accept the union and let her self enjoy the sexual experience. A positive sexual experience is the giving to the US factor in a relationship, â€Å" We give up part of our individuality to create this â€Å"US† When we give to US we actually receive (Hartgrave , 2000) Unlike a man her feeling must match her bodies response to sexual touch. Once a physical release for women a orgasm and for men ejaculation a time of affirmation an and closeness must be maintained. Chapmen wrote, â€Å" The object of love is not getting something you want but doing something for the well-being of the one you love. It is a fact, however, that when we receive affirming words, we are far more like to be motivated to reciprocate (2010) Staying close to one another and holding each other plays a very important role in creating the a emotional and spiritual bond the relationship. Each couple has different winding down needs, there is not a formal way to allow the body to go quiet down after a sexual encounter. The best way to is to communicate the needs in the confines of the relationship after sexual release is to communicate . The time after release is a very sensual and relaxing experience it can be cultivated in such a way that trust, emotional security and warmth can be communicated without words . Even cleaning up can be a warm experience for the couple, using a warm towel to caress a women vaginal opening can be welcomed and enjoyed by both couples. Even making the bed together after playing romper room can build a routine which communicates the joy of making love to a mate. Exploring Healthy Sexuality: When sex isn’t working As pointed out our bodies are made by God to enjoy sexual pleasure. Humans are made in a way that our bodies and our emotions both physical and chemically respond to sexual touch. God desires for married couples to enjoy sex as a bonding and relational enhancer for procreation and sexual expression. Many couple’s have problems with there sex life, often times they just stay in the slum. One author wrote â€Å"As Christians men and women must come to the point in there personal expression of sexuality that sex is a sacred , sex is serious and sex is a grave responsibility† ( Ingram2003). Ignoring a sexual problem in a marriage is like sleepwalking through the life of the relationship. Eventually its results in chaos: despair, destruction, pain, broken homes, and relational wreckage. Often time a newly married couple will come to the marriage bed with misinterpreted ideal’s and feeling concerning sexual expression. As women’s sexual response tends to be a bit slower that her male counter part Is a great tid bit of information that some new couples are unaware of. There is a quote from a counseling section in the book called, His needs her needs written by Willlard Harly, it goes like this â€Å"When John wants sex , he wants is right now. He doesn’t care how I feel, all he cares about it satisfying himself,† (2011) The affection that a man gives to a women in a romantic relationship is like a door which opens to her welcoming a sexual encounter. As a married couple both men and men need to actively pursue sexual awareness. One of the many contributors to sexual dysfunction in a marriage, is simply the lack of knowledge surrounding gender differences on the topic of sex. Particularly in the area sexual process and response. There are many problems that can lead in to a unfulfilled sex life in a marriage. Some of them are Guilt, the church as a whole has thought the sex is bad. Over coming a longing fear o guild and shame must be overcome to have the freedom to enjoy sexual expression with your partner. Anger can also be a inhibitor to a healthy sex life, â€Å" If you have deep –seated anger and have been taking it out on your wife, apologize to her now. Ask for her forgiveness, and show her you mean it by taking steps to change† (Smalley 2010) There must be a mutual harmony in the relationship and the women must not be ruled over but be cherished and respected. Often times a women will keep silent concerning her anger and withhold sexual contact. The lack of a proper self image and traumatic sexual experiences from the past can also effect the sexual relationship. Sex must be rediscovered by a couple ogether with proper counseling they both can move to a mutual place of trust acceptance and passion can be restored. Each person in the relationship must be committed to acting out positive behavior changes which help move the sexual relationship to a place of building instead of a tearing down. The responsibility for safeguarding the relationship is both the man’ s and women’s personal responsibly. Keeping in mind a positive sexual relationship starts way hours before the light’s go out. The feelings of being in love come and go in a relationship often times a couple must work through these times in a effort to preserve the relationship. John Gray wrote â€Å"Women often complain that they fell unloved, where their partners have not idea what they are talking about. The Man will ask, How could she possibly feel unloved? Look at all he things I do for her. † Communication can be linked to the lack of giving kind words and genital hug’s or even helping round the house. Men have a tendency to withdraw from the relationship when there is friction, this reaction can cause the desire for sex from a women’s perspective to wane. The condition is called drifting apart. Marriage takes hard work from both partners to make the relationship fulfilling and a blessing to each partner. But there is hope, love can be restored, just give he the attention she needs, and communicate with her cornering what is troubling her in the relationship, all women have a internal list of what can this can be intended to enhance the quality of the relationship. â€Å"Women intuitively understand how to have a good relationship; us men have to work at it† (Gray 1993). There are also physical boundary’s which may inhibit a sexual response to a mate. Women in general have many factors that related to their sexuality. There could be a hormone imbalance especially if they are over the age forty. There could be the lingering fear of getting pregnant which is effecting her sexual response. Perhaps the man may have problems sexually such as erectile dysfunction, or have problem with premature ejaculation. There could also be problems physically in the vagina that make sexual intercourse painful. For many older couples medications can play havoc on a couple’s sex life. The relationship must be built upon trust and the freedom to communicate these problems as they come up. Proper pre- marital counseling should address some these issues upfront. The keys to unlocking the struggles associated with the lack of sexual fulfillment in a relationship are multi fasted but can be linked to the lack of education, counseling, and personal responsibility. The list of problems that can affect a couples sex life in very large. But there is a few area’s that a man can safe guard his sexual relationship.. One of the best ways to protect a marriage from sexual addiction is to have a accountability partner and also cultivating a relationship what does not hold secret’s. The author of Victory over darkness: [e]expresses the need for men to be on guard to sexual temptation. The mind is the controller of how men choose to respond to truth’s found in the bible. Once temptation is considered, the temptation triggers a emotional response it is up to man to choose to act emotional ties to the behavior (Neil Anderson(2000). Sage guarding a relationship is full time work. A man must always be on guard to not compromise the wedding bed with sexual addiction. It is noted that four out of ten sexually active singles are a carrier of some type of sexually transmitted disease. What a tragic price to pay of infidelity in a marriage. But there is hope submission to God and a change of behavior though repentance can bring restoration in this area of a man’s; life. Exploring Healthy Sexuality: Enhancing the sexual experience Our culture in many way’s has in time separated God from the bed room. It is in the bed room that a reflection of God’s desire to be in union with his creation can be seen.. We as Christian should thank God for our sexuality and ask him to play a part in the expression of love to our mate. Sexual expression does not have to take the form of just intercourse, but also in the form of verbal physical touching and caressing. Its ok for a man to say I love you. â€Å" He may love her , but if he does not say it she will not feel it (Gray 1993). Doctor Gray in his book Men women and Relationship describers seven positive attitudes that will help a man meet his wife’s emotional needs: They are, Love, caring, understanding, Respect, appreciation, acceptance, and trust. (1993) The characteristic listed by Dr. Grey seen to be very much in line with describing the Lord. If a couple truly desires to have a fulfilling relationship with their spouse a personal relationship with the Lord must be cultivated and pursued by each individual in the relationship. The man can take a lead and be a example by inviting the Lord in his relationship with his wife. By Praying together, and by attending church together, and by reading the Bible together a couple can safe guard their relationship. If a couple truly desires to have a fulfilling sex life together it is best to spend time and learn also from the Master who created it, out Lord and Christ Jesus. Citations Anderson, Neil (2000). Victory over the Darkness. 157. Ventura, CA: Regal Publishing Chapman, G (2004). The five love Languages: The secret to love that lasts,37. Chicago, IL: Northfield Publishing. Gardner, T. A (2002). Sacred Sex: A spiritual celebration of oneness in marriage, 56. Colorado Springs, CO : WaterBrook Press. Gray, John;PHD,(1993). Men Women and Relationships, making peace with the opposite sex. 4,177,165, 189-191. Hillsboro, OR: Beyond words Publishing, Inc. Hansen, J. (1997) . Fashioned for intimacy : Reconciling men and women to God’s original design,22, Ventura , CA : Regal Publishing Hart, A. d. ,Weber, C. H. , amp; Taylor, D. L (1998). Secrets of Eve. Understanding the Mystery of Female Sexulity. 178, Nashville, TN: Word Publishing Harley, Willard, Jr. 2011) His Needs Her Needs: Building a affair proof Marriage. 49, Grand Rapids, MI. Revell Publishing. Hartgrave, T (2000). The Essential humility of Marriage. 9 Phoenix, AZ : Zeig, Tucker and Theisen, Inc Ingram, C. (2003). Love Sex and Lasting Relationships. 186. Grand Rappids MI. Baker Book’s Publishing Group and Yates and Yates, Orange , CA. Mcllhaney, J. S and Bush, F. M. (2008). Hooked, New science on how causal sex is affecting out children. 34 Chicago: Northfield Publishing. Parrot, L amp; Parrot, L. (1995) Saving your Marriage before it starts, 95. Grand Rapids, Mi Zondervan Publishing. Penner, C and J. S. , (1997) Men and Sex: Discovering greater love , passion and intimacy with your wife. 25-48, 56, Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers. Smalley Gary and Greg. (2010) The Heart of Remarriage. 129. Ventura, CA. Regal publishing. Thomas , G. L ( 2002). Sacred Marriage: What if God designed marriage to make us holy more than to make us happy . Grand Rapids . MI: Zondervan Publishing Wheat, Ed, MD and Gaye Wheat. (2010) Intended for pleasure. 37. Grand Rapids, MI. Revell Publishing. Wilson, S. (1998). In to abba’s arms. Finding the Acceptance you’ve always wanted ,8,Wheaton,IL, Tyndale House Publishers, inc

Zara Problem Solutions Essay Example

Zara Problem Solutions Paper Ezra stores receive new merchandise two to three times each week, compared to four to six times per year for most clothing retailers. More and smaller batches of items translate into fashion exclusivity. This in turn results in fewer mark-downs and higher profits. Ezra controls a true vertical marketing system. A good portion of the channel participants are centralized geographically around its corporate headquarters in a remote corner of Northeast Spain, rather than spread out around the globe, This and its IT system are what allow it to achieve the speed and responsiveness that it does. Discussion Questions I. As completely as possible, sketch the supply chain for Ezra from raw materials to consumer purchase. As the case points out, finding the starting point oaf product concept is hard to nail down With Ezra. But the following is an attempt to do this: Design: The starting point is a collaborative phase that includes teams of creative professionals who carry out the design process and store managers who spot trends and feed data to corporate. Materials: Ezra makes 40 percent of its own fabric. It is not clear from the case where the other 60 percent comes from, but given the information on the rest of he process, it is likely purchased more on a local basis than on a global basis, Cutting: Ezra produces more than half of its own clothing, It cuts all fabric in- house at its complex in Spain. Sewing: Cut fabric and designs are sent to one of several hundred local co- operatives, Ironing: Ironing is performed in-house by provokers trained for a specific task (lapels, shoulders, etc. ). Final preparation: Clothing is wrapped in plastic and transported on conveyors to local Ezra-owned warehouses. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Problem Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Problem Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Problem Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The automated warehouses sort, pack, label, and allocate clothing items to specific regions and stores. Delivery: Stores within a 24-hour drive receive deliveries by truck. All other stores receive their goods via air parcel. Sale: All stores are company owned. 2. Discuss the concepts of horizontal and vertical conflict as they relate to Ezra. There is little information given in the case regarding channel conflict. But one could easily speculate as to the outcomes. Because Ezra owns much of its own supply chain and exhibits an extreme amount of control over the elements that it does not own, conflict is likely minimal. With respect to horizontal conflict, the only members of the supply chain on a horizontal level would be the hundreds f local sewing co-operatives. It is difficult to imagine the type of complaints that such co-operatives might vague against each other that would affect Ezra. However, horizontal issues might result in vertical conflict. Ezra owns much of the supply chain. Thus, any conflict would be internal and could be handled in a much different manner than fifth entities were independent. But the co-operatives are not company owned. Because there are so many Of them, however, conflict should be minimized as Ezra has plenty of options. 3. Which type of vertical marketing system does Ezra exhibit? List all the infinite that Ezra receives by having adopted this system. While Ezra does not own all of the stages of the vertical marketing system, it seems to have a strong control over those that it does not own. Saras system fits the description of a corporate VIM better than it fits the contractual or administered systems. The text provides an outtake example of Ezra in the section on corporate VIM that illustrates the benefits that Ezra achieves through this structure. These include control over almost every aspect of the supply chain, more items produced, taster design-to-shelf times, lower inventories, ND more frequent shipments. In short, Ezra is faster, more flexible, and more efficient than other fashion houses and chains because of its corporate VIM. 4. Does Ezra incur disadvantages from its fast-fashion distribution system? Are these disadvantages offset by the advantages? One disadvantage that Ezra incurs is possibly a higher cost on materials and labor by not sourcing globally to the cheapest source. This, however, is offset by the cost savings of not having items shipped all over the world. It is also offset by dramatically faster response time between each stage. Because Saras nominative advantage is the fast part Of the fashion, this is much more important than the minimal amount that Ezra could save by sourcing globally. 5. How does Ezra add value for the customer through major logistics functions? Warehousing: The only warehousing done in this system is local and brief for the component parts and the finished items. This adds value by cutting down on costs associated with warehousing and by decreasing the time-to-shelf. Inventory Management: The IT system and the VIM in general both contribute to Saras ability to offer a just-in-time system. This results in lower inventories, cut sots, and taster throughput. Transportation: Saras shipping system is certainly quick. That is the big advantage, Shipping by air freight to individual stores is not the cheapest way to go. But again, Saras competitive advantage is speed BURGER KINGS: PROMOTING A FOOD FIGHT Product ;k As a fast food hamburger restaurant (FRR) chain, Burger King produces, hamburgers, cheeseburgers as Well as Pries, Salads, Hash browns, Onion rings, Coffee, Juice, Shakes, cookies and pies. * Burger King sets itself apart from competition With its have it your way theme Which allows individualize each orders with many options including fries or onion rings, cheese, bacon, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, and onion. * The nations NO. Burger chain will add Cutbacks Corp.. s Cattles Best Coffee to all its U. S. Restaurants in a phased roll-out that begins in the summer of 2010. Under the effort, more than 7,000 Burger King Restaurants will begin selling the coffee along with iced varieties that also come with a choice of plain, vanilla or mocha flavors and whipped toppings, * Burger King has signed a licensing deal with Contra Foods Lamb Weston which will result in offe ring a retail line of microwaveable Burger King Brand French fries at select retailers in the united States, including Wall-Mart. Price * Burger King recently joined McDonalds in offering a SSL double cheese burger. Some to its treacheries claimed the price reductions cut into profits. Burger King has reportedly ended its unpopular (among franchise owners) SSL double cheeseburger promotion. K Burger King plans to sell slushy drinks for $1 leading into the summer in order to offer an alternative to McDonalds $1 summer drink. *The company also will continue to sell its new premium burger, the Steakhouse EXT, for 53 99 through mid-September, with another cantonal television ad splash planned in August.