Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape

Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape Earth, with a normal separation of 92,955,820 miles (149,597,890 km) from the sun, is the third planet and one of the most one of a kind planets in the close planetary system. It conformed to 4.5 to 4.6 billion years back and is the main planet known to continue life. This is a direct result of elements like its barometrical piece and physical properties, for example, the nearness of water over 70.8% of the planet permit life to flourish. Earth is additionally special anyway in light of the fact that it is the biggest of the earthbound planets (one that have a slender layer of rocks on a superficial level rather than those that are generally comprised of gases like Jupiter or Saturn) in light of its mass, thickness, and distance across. Earth is additionally the fifth biggest planet in the whole close planetary system. Earths Size As the biggest of the earthbound planets, Earth has an expected mass of 5.9736 Ãâ€"1024 kg. Its volume is additionally the biggest of these planets at 108.321 Ãâ€"1010km3. What's more, Earth is the densest of the earthbound planets as it is comprised of an outside layer, mantle, and center. The Earths outside layer is the most slender of these layers while the mantle involves 84% of Earths volume and broadens 1,800 miles (2,900 km) underneath the surface. What makes Earth the densest of these planets, in any case, is its center. It is the main earthly planet with a fluid external center that encompasses a strong, thick internal center. Earths normal thickness is 5515 Ãâ€"10 kg/m3. Mars, the littlest of the earthbound planets by thickness, is just around 70% as thick as Earth. Earth is named the biggest of the earthbound planets dependent on its boundary and breadth also. At the equator, Earths boundary is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is marginally littler between the North and South shafts at 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km). Earths width at the posts is 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km) while it is 7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km) at the equator. For examination, the biggest planet in Earths close planetary system, Jupiter, has a breadth of 88,846 miles (142,984 km). Earths Shape Earths periphery and breadth contrast since its shape is named an oblate spheroid or ellipsoid, rather than a genuine circle. This implies as opposed to being of equivalent outline in all zones, the shafts are crunched, bringing about a lump at the equator, and along these lines a bigger periphery and breadth there. The central lump at Earths equator is estimated at 26.5 miles (42.72 km) and is brought about by the planets pivot and gravity. Gravity itself makes planets and other divine bodies agreement and structure a circle. This is on the grounds that it pulls all the mass of an item as near the focal point of gravity (the Earths center for this situation) as could be expected under the circumstances. Since Earth turns, this circle is twisted by the outward power. This is the power that makes objects move outward away from the focal point of gravity. In this manner, as the Earth turns, radiating power is most prominent at the equator so it causes a slight outward lump there, giving that area a bigger periphery and measurement. Nearby geography additionally assumes a job in the Earths shape, yet on a worldwide scale, its job is little. The biggest contrasts in nearby geology over the globe are Mount Everest, the most elevated point above ocean level at 29,035 ft (8,850 m), and the Mariana Trench, the absolute bottom beneath ocean level at 35,840 ft (10,924 m). This distinction is just a matter of around 12 miles (19 km), which is very minor generally speaking. In the event that the tropical lump is thought of, the universes most noteworthy point and the spot that is farthest from the Earths place is the pinnacle of the well of lava Chimborazo in Ecuador as it is the most elevated pinnacle that is closest the equator. Its height is 20,561 ft (6,267 m). Geodesy To guarantee that the Earths size and shape are concentrated precisely, geodesy, a part of science liable for estimating the Earths size and shape with studies and scientific computations is utilized. Since the beginning, geodesy was a critical part of science as early researchers and thinkers endeavored to decide the Earths shape. Aristotle is the principal individual attributed with attempting to figure Earths size and was, thusly, an early geodesist. The Greek thinker Eratosthenes followed and had the option to assess the Earths boundary at 25,000 miles, just somewhat higher than todays acknowledged estimation. So as to examine the Earth and use geodesy today, analysts frequently allude to the ellipsoid, geoid, and datums. An ellipsoid in this field is a hypothetical numerical model that shows a smooth, shortsighted portrayal of the Earths surface. It is utilized to quantify removes on a superficial level without representing things like height changes and landforms. To represent the truth of the Earths surface, geodesists utilize the geoid which is a shape that is developed utilizing the worldwide mean ocean level and thus considers rise changes. The premise of all geodetic work today however is the datum. These are sets of information that go about as reference focuses for worldwide looking over work. In geodesy, there are two primary datums utilized for transportation and route in the U.S. what's more, they make up a part of the National Spatial Reference System. Today, innovation like satellites and worldwide situating frameworks (GPS) permit geodesists and different researchers to make amazingly precise estimations of the Earths surface. Truth be told, it is so precise, geodesy can take into account overall route however it likewise permits scientists to gauge little changes in the Earths surface down to the centimeter level to acquire the most exact estimations of the Earths size and shape.

Gangsters Paradise jerusalema, Broken BRICS, The Fall and Rise of the Essay

Hoodlums Paradise jerusalema, Broken BRICS, The Fall and Rise of the West - Essay Example Carrying and a wide range of introverted exercises were normal in America before the advancement of its economy. As per some sociology hypotheses, reserved exercises in a nation have direct relations with its monetary development. As such, when a nation grows quickly, solitary exercises may descend though such things will be expanded when the nation neglects to grow appropriately. Neediness, joblessness and uncontrolled expansion are the significant explanations for introverted exercises. For instance, larger part of the African nations are immature. Reserved exercises, inner conflicts and ethnic brutality are regular in these nations. Then again South Africa is the most evolved nation in Africa. Introverted exercises and ethnic viciousness are less in South Africa contrasted with other African countries. To put it plainly, financial advancement has direct associations with introverted exercises like carrying and inner clashes. America was before a survivor of introverted exercises l ike pirating in view of the underdevelopment of financial development. Be that as it may, America had the option to turn into the number warrior against pirating now since the nation had the option to grow quickly as of late. It ought to be noticed that America is the most extravagant nation on the planet at present. Because of that individuals in America are very little keen on empowering solitary exercises like sneaking. Andreas contends these exercises from America reveal to us numerous things about the present universal political economy (IPE) and the eventual fate of developing economies.

Top Tips for Writing a Great Personal Statement

Top Tips for Writing a Great Personal Statement Top Tips for Writing a Great Personal Statement By Sarah Dixon One of the most daunting sections on a university application form is the personal statement. Rather than just being able to rely upon your grades and school performance, this section forces you to showcase something more than your academic ability. This is where you have to lay out how you are different from the other students. But what should you include in your statement to make it stand out? Here are our top tips. Get a head start and begin working on it now There’s a quote that’s usually attributed to Mark Twain: “Eat a live frog every morning, and nothing worse will happen to you all day.” Twain never actually said that, but the concept holds true. Get the thing you are dreading done first, and the rest is plain sailing. So, rather than filling out the rest of the form, but leaving your personal statement untouched until deadline day, start giving your personal statement some thought as soon as you can. Make notes, research the universities you’re applying to and work out how best to convey what an amazing student you would make. Don’t panic, it shouldn’t be too daunting The thought of writing 4,000 characters about yourself may fill you with panic but it’s really not that much. Roughly, it works out at about 750 words, or one and a half pages of typed A4 paper.   To give you some idea, your statement should be about as long as this article, and you’re already one-third of the way through it. Break it down into sections Rather than write 750 words in one go, break your personal statement into a few different sections and think of a paragraph or two to write about each. Make sure that whatever you choose to include, whether it’s about your studies or your extra-curricular activities, it has some link to your chosen subject. The link doesn’t have to be obvious, although if you’re applying for a veterinary course you should certainly mention that you’ve been helping at the local pet shelter. The skill comes in making what you’re saying relevant. Also, look critically at the things you want to include and think about what they say about you and why you would make a good student. Have you shown commitment by being part of a team for several years? Have you learned personal organisation skills from your volunteer work? If so, flag those elements up, to show your awareness. Don’t exaggerate It can be tempting to overstate what you’ve done, in an attempt to get yourself ahead, but don’t. Remember the people who are reading these statements are professionals, they have read many of them in the past and they know what is feasible for someone of your age. Put your personality across, not someone else’s Don’t copy anyone else’s statement. Don’t take an example from the internet or use a friend’s. Universities use services such as Copycatch to scan all applications and if yours is found to be too similar to someone else’s then it will get flagged. You don’t want to get caught out for cheating before you’ve even started. However, it is fine to use a template and to fill it with your own details. Some people need that extra help, when faced with a blank page. Find a critic First, get your statement finished. Leave it a day or so and read it again, then make any changes you think are needed. It can be helpful to read your work over in a different way; print it out or read it on an e-reader rather than a screen, so you can look at the words in a different way. Don’t forget to spellcheck. It may sound obvious but making sure that your spelling and grammar are right is important. You can’t necessarily trust a spellchecker. Sea watt eye mean? There are plenty of free online services you can use to supplement the spell checker built into Word/Pages or other word processing software, but a really close edit by a human being is your best bet at catching everything. Make sure you know what every word you have used means. If software suggests a synonym, check the dictionary to make sure it’s saying what you want it to before you include it. Words are subtle things, choosing the wrong one can be devastating. Once you’ve done that, ask someone, or several someones, to read it for you and let you know what they think. Friends, family members, teachers â€" anyone that understands what the personal statement is about. Don’t ask people who don’t, they won’t be any help at all. And that’s really all there is to it. Think about why you want to study your subject and use this as an opportunity to say that to the university ahead of your personal interview. Swallow that frog! (Oh, and in case you were wondering, this piece is 4,576 characters.) Sarah Dixon writes for Inspiring Interns, which specialises in graduate jobs and finding candidates their perfect  internship.

The Causes of the Salem Witch Hunt Essay - 925 Words

The Causes of the Salem Witch Hunt Many American colonists brought with them from Europe a notion in witches and an intrigue with alleged manipulation with the devil. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for witchcraft all over the colonies, chiefly in Massachusetts. Various of the accused were women, inducing some recent historians to recommend that charges of witchcraft were a way of dominating women who endangered the present economic and social order at that time. In 1692 the famous Salem, Massachusetts, witchcraft trials took place, and that summer hundreds of people in the colony were taken into custody without any reason whatsoever. To comprehend the events of the†¦show more content†¦Of these nine girls, only one is related to me, Ann Putnam. Her grandmother was Priscilla Gould, the sister of Zaccheus Gould. Ann was born in 1680 to Thomas Putnam and Ann. The affair, which led to the Witch Trials, as a matter of fact turn out in what is now the town of Danvers, then a district of Salem Town, recognized as Salem Village. Propelling the frenzy was the grotesque, apparently unexplainable behavior of two young girls; the daughter, Betty, and the niece, Abigail Williams, of the Salem Village minister, Reverend Samuel Parris. Magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne in February 1692, thought over three accused women. Corwin’s home, known as the Witch House, still stands at the corner of North and Essex Streets in Salem, furnishing supervised tours and tales of the first witchcraft trials. John Hathorne, an ancestor of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, is buried in the Charter Street Old Burying Point. (Jones, 163) To comprehend the happening of the Salem witch trials, it is essential to explore the times in which allegation of witchcraft occurred. There were the customary stresses of 17th-century life in Massachusetts Bay Colony. A strong belief in the devil, factions surrounded by Salem Village extremists and competitionShow MoreRelatedThe Witch Hunt : The Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials952 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Village is located on the northeast coast of Massachusetts. The settlements first title was Naumkeag but was changed to Salem, meaning peace, because it was preferred. Salem was founded in 1626, and is best remembered for the witch hysteria beginning in 1692. A few girls started acting deranged and crazed. A doctor diagnosed them as bewitched, leading to trials and hunts for accused witches. These witch trials and hunts caused nineteen people to be hung and caused one person to be pressedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1692, the su pernatural was a part of people’s everyday normal life. This is so as people strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failures or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread toRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : The Witch Trial Hysteria920 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trial Hysteria In 1692 the actions of three girls quickly launched Salem onto the path of committing one of the largest witch hunts the New World has ever known. The witch hunt was fueled by a mass hysteria among the townspeople, this hysteria was the result of the strictness of their society and a number of internal and external stressors. The initial wave of panic when rumors of witchcraft arose gave way to compete hysteria when accusations began. Salem massachusetts was the perfectRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Queen Elizabeth1598 Words   |  7 Pagespart of that history is the origin of witch-hunt, or in other words, the execution of witches. Witchcraft was treated as the craft of wise at the very beginning. However, as the following behind witchcraft grew stronger, the conflict between the Christian religious and witchcraft finally lead to the bloody witch-hunt; but witch-hunt is not as simple as a conflict between two beliefs, in fact, the cause behind witch-hunt is the characteristic inside us. Witch-hunt represents not only the fear of witchcraftRead MoreWitch Hunts : The Causes Of Witch Trials In 1692851 Words   |  4 PagesImagine yourself in Salem, Massachusetts, sometime in 1692. What are you imagining? Small houses, one-room schools, or maybe starving people trying to survive a harsh winter? Both of those scenarios probably happened. But I’m focusing on something else, something much more dire. Because i n Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, witch accusations were happening, and for over a year. Approximately 200 people were accused of being witches. Roughly 20 were killed and about five more died in prison. This is theRead MoreIs Witch Trails A Thing Of The Past?923 Words   |  4 Pages Being that the Salem Witch Trails date back to over three hundred years, many people believe witch trails are a thing of the past. However, modern day witch trails are still extremely prevalent. Modern-day witch-hunts are reported to still be happening in Africa, the Pacific, Latin America, even in the U.S. and Europe. According to a New York Times article, within the last fifteen years alone, more than 2,000 Indians have been killed after being accused of witchcraft. Almost all of the accused haveRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1358 Words   |  6 Pagesproduced in 1996 and portrayed the dramatized play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The movie story deals with the Salem, Massachusetts hyste ria in 1692 with an irrational fear of the devil. Witch hunts and false accusations resulted. Trials took place and resulted in the hanging and associated death of more than 20 people and the false imprisonment of many others. B. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft. â€Å"From June through SeptemberRead MoreSalem Witch Hunt : A Phenomenon Of Witch Trials1499 Words   |  6 Pages The Salem Witch Hunt was a phenomenon of witch trials in the Early Modern period. It occurred in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. It all started when a group of young girls, Betty Parris, 9 years old, and Abigail Williams, 11 years old, started to behave in a crazy manner, like screaming and barking like a dog, and it got to the point where they assumed they were â€Å"possessed†. Soon after that, Ann Putnam Jr. and other Salem girls began acting similarly. People started getting very scared and startedRead More Salem Witch Trials Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials was probably considered the darkest time for the New England Colony. This was a mass murder of women and a few men that were supposed witches. All of this started from two little girls and a bacteria in the bread that affected the brain. This all started on January 20,1692 when nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams started to exhibit strange behavior. Blasphemous screaming, Seizures, Trance-like states and MysteriousRead MoreAbdeali Dalal. Dr. Jenkins. History 1301. February 13,1541 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Escaping Salem; The Other Witch Hunt of 1692† â€Å"Escaping Salem; The Other Witch hunt of 1692† was penned and published by Richard Godbeer in 2005. Godbeer expressed his views on what he called basic witch trials in Salem and more importantly, in Stamford, Connecticut Massachusetts. The same year that Salem witch hunt and trials began in 1692, another witch hunt took place in Stamford, the Western Connecticut to when a woman (Elizabeth Clawson) from there was also accused of Witchcraft. These witch hunt

A Thesis Statement Monarchy And Democracy - 1476 Words

Thesis Statement: Monarchy and Democracy Through assessing both monarchy and democracy from both perspectives of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, one can see that democracy creates the most beneficial outcome. Today, many people associate the ideals Locke adopts with democracy. Although, in Locke’s book, Second Treatise of Government, he did not solely focus on democracy. He listed many types of government, not favoring any. He believed that as long as they adhere to his rules, they remain valid. As a result of looking through Thomas Hobbes’ view on monarchy and John Locke’s view on democracy, both perspectives provide a vast amount of information of an ideal government. In Locke’s book, Second Treatise of Government, chapter 11 is devoted to legislative power, which Locke identifies as the most important part of the government. Locke provides rules for this legislative power. The first is the preservation of society. No one can challenge the power of the legislative body, or pass laws of their own. This power is invested in the body of the majority. In this chapter, he brings up a constant concern in even today in America: long term office holders. This rule becomes important when members of legislatures hold positions for long periods of time, perhaps even for life. In instances like this, they may think themselves as separate entities detached from their society. They start to work for their interests rather than society’s. Through Hobbes’ view on monarchy,Show MoreRelatedAge of Enlightenment and Glorious Revolution622 Words   |  3 PagesGraded Assignment Outline and Thesis Statement (20 points) |Score | | | 1. Complete the following outline, as you read online about the events in England that were milestones in the development of democracy. (There are ten items that need information.) Answer: A Bird’s-Eye View 1 Renaissance and Reformation During the Renaissance, Europe was charged with a new spirit of inquiry. 2 English monarchy The Glorious Revolution 1 CharlesRead MoreAmerica s Founding Ideas - September Term1378 Words   |  6 PagesJoanne Geloso America’s Founding Ideas – January Term First Paper Assignment One of the reasons the American Revolution is considered the greatest experiment in liberty and democracy is due in part to the political and philosophical ideology produced as a result of the Enlightenment period. These ideas combined with the geographical location of the colonies, separating them from England by a vast ocean, were felt to have created the ideal opportunity for the colonies to declare their autonomyRead MoreAdolf Hitler (Nazi Leader). .Even Though Hitler Was In1427 Words   |  6 Pages20th century. To understand Adolf Hitler’s rise of power, one must first understand the socio- historical background in Germany. In 1918, which was near the end of World War I, a revolution went on. The Kaiser was forced to abdicate and the monarchy was overthrown. In the early 1919, a parliamentary democratic government was established in Germany - the Weimar Republic. The same year, the Weimar Republic government, representing Germany, signed the Treaty of Versailles, which not only placedRead MoreThroughout history, mankind has often ventured to spread its faith to the non-believers of the2900 Words   |  12 PagesThroughout history, mankind has often ventured to spread its faith to the non-believers of the world. In the modern world, religion has been replaced by democracy, liberalism and capitalism and the United States as â€Å"the leader of the free world† has taken it upon herself to convert the rest of the world. Historically, the United States has preferred to o perate in isolation, only getting involved in North and South American affairs. This paradigm shifted after World War II, when the United StatedRead MoreThe Revolution Being The `` Gender Revolution ``895 Words   |  4 Pagesrage many women have had from being back stabbed by their lover. We can see the evolution beginning even in dated movies like The Wizard of Oz: A woman who must be strong for all of her companions in order to see a brighter day. Dorothy was the anti-thesis of the woman archetype for those who were raised in the 10’s and 20’s. Dorothy did not have a selfless gentleman of notable strength to protect her virtue. She protected her and her friends. It is assumed that art imitates life imitates art; thereforeRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of the theory by introducing each of them and discussing their respective political theory of the subject. The main thinkers that we will introduce in his essay are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Thesis Statement: Essentially, the social contract theory states that the individuals have abandoned their freedom to submit to the authority of the state and therefore the majority. The question of equality is also very predominating in the writing about theRead MoreEssay Reveiw4144 Words   |  17 PagesAP Essay Review 17th Century Affairs 1. How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648? a. Thesis: Rise of absolutism came at the expense of the medieval church, absolutism laid the foundation for the modern-nation state. Supporting Info: (main body) 1. German princes: Luther’s Reformation = more power for princes. They have greater control of political affairs and nationalRead MoreAbsolutism and Constitutionalism Essay2759 Words   |  12 Pagesparlements (-e) were different in that there were many regional parlements as opposed to one central one, and they lacked the ability to make laws. Rather, the French parlements just had the authority to accept or refuse policies proposed by the monarchy. The French also had the Estates General to serve as its legislature, but it was a medieval creation that never really caught on among the French nobles. It could only meet when it was called into session by the king, and that was very rare (metRead MoreAdvancements in the Roman Empire Compared to that of the Han Dynasty2165 Words   |  9 Pagesfour hundred years (Immell, 22). Two centuries later, the Roman Empire was also established with the same beliefs and it was then able to transcend. 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The Relationship Between School Choice And Segregation

School choice is a hot topic at the moment in the politics throughout Texas. Many seem to be against it, but see the benefits in the choice. Through this paper I research what the relationship between school choice and segregation is. Through this paper I will explore the isolation of the English language learning students and the challenges they face because of it. The location of schools and that reflects in their students, policies of the schools, and of the programs that they offer. Literature Review Charter schools enroll larger proportions of minority and low†income students and smaller proportions of White students than traditional district public schools statewide: African American students make up 33% of the students in Texas’ open†enrollment charter schools compared to 14% in Texas public schools, overall. Hispanic students make up 48% of the students enrolled in open†enrollment charter schools, compared to the state average of 46%. Open†enrollment charter schools have a higher percentage of economically disadvantaged students (70%) than the state average (56%), a lower percentage of students classified as limited†English proficient (14%) than the state average (16%), and a lower percentage of students served in special education (10%) than the state average (11%). o Campus charter schools serve predominantly Hispanic and low†income student populations. https://www.tasb.org/Legislative/Issue-Based-Resources/documents/charters.aspx †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. HousingShow MoreRelatedEffects Of School Segregation On Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesPrior research on the causes and impact of school segregation has focused primarily on three areas: First, research documented the causes of segregation (Dorsey, 2015; Orfield, 2001). This body of research connects school districting, and the affordability of residential housing to the creation of segregated White and segregated Minority public schools districts. Second, research focused on the impact of segregation on student academic performance (Card, D. Rothstein, J., 2005). This researchRead MoreSingle Sex Schools Are Effective Or Ineffective1337 Words   |  6 PagesSingle Sex Schools Affect Many People Have you ever heard of single sex schools? If yes, do you think it’s a good idea? Single sex schools are schools that either have all male students or all female students only. Many people have different kinds of opinions towards these types of schools. There have been many debates on whether single-sex schools are effective or ineffective. These schools have different effects on people. Single sex schools should be discontinued because it will affect studentsRead MoreWho Is The Real Bully?1712 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of bullying and how to prevent the dangers of it. Bullying is a commonly understood topic around the world, but there are many unknown facts and situations that people aren’t aware of, including different types of bullying: bullying in school, racial bullying, and bullying in the workplace. Bullying hasn’t always been a major issue that haunts lives on a day to day basis. It wasn’t until the 1970’s where ‘bullying’ became a well-known and mysterious problem. The dilemma with bullying startedRead MoreThe U. S. Constitution1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent points of view. Topic #6. Identify the purposes elections serve and explain the relationship between elections and majoritarian and pluralist models of democracy. A country that fights for it’s rights and honors their troops so that we the people who make America what it is get to vote in our elections annually. A country that stands by its beliefs, so as we know, to give us freedom of choice. The purpose of elections is to narrow the candidates down to a minimum in order to get closerRead MoreDear University Of Wisconsin Madison Admissions1588 Words   |  7 Pagesparents, like many financially secure families in my area, sent me to a private college-preparatory school to escape the deficiencies of the public school system in East Baton Rouge Parish. While white students made up eighty percent of the enrollment of my college-preparatory school, they constituted a distinct minority in my neighborhood public school. As I came to recognize de facto school segregation, I struggled with the idea of my own privilege. 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Many people failed to understand that segregated schools were not equal in quality, which further created tension among the African-American families and started many movements. When this case became headline news it was deem ed important due to the fact that if passed then all public schools would have to integrate. This court decisionRead MoreThe Divide of Metropolitian Secregation953 Words   |  4 Pages Metropolitan segregation can be seen from both micro and macro levels, this divide is apparent through racial segregation across communities and also by examining the outcomes of district and industry zoning. Laden in urban segregation is the process of gentrification, which acts as an agent of change regarding spatial relationships among different social groups. 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Even though certain races are perceived as inferior to some, there should be no such thing because we all need to work together to make the planet a better place and lives are ruined over racial this segregation. The theme of this story is about tough choices and racial divides. Throughout the story you have mention of how segregated they are. The white boy lives in the

Complexity and Ambiguity in Organizational Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Complexity and Ambiguity in Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction The main aim of this reflective report is to demonstrate the role of leadership in an organization. It discusses the journey of leadership as well as leadership concept. It also deliberates the theories and models of leadership. It represents the self-awareness techniques like SWOT and MBIT, which can be imperative to analyze the individual personality. It also shows the recommendation that will be required for future development. This reflective report also discusses the action plan from improving the weakness in estimated time. When I started college, I was always timid and afraid to let my opinions be heard. I did not understand the exact path to follow in life, because I had not fully discovered myself. With this research, I can assess how a successful person handles leadership and also I will be able to analyze the leadership journey of a fellow student thus mentor them into being the best leader they can be. The focus will not be only for me and my fellow student, but I will also look into skills of conveying information, effective communication, and building of relationships. I also make sure I have analyzed the cultures advocated by organizations and nations and how they influence the ideas I have for effective leadership. Lastly, it will be now possible in my opinion to apply the information acquired from the philosophies of effective leadership actually to find meaning and comprehend my reflections and feedback. Ultimately, I would have taken a step higher in understanding myself better which is the most important aspect of leading people since without self-awareness one cannot be productive in leadership. The worst feeling is when one has the greatest urge of making a revolution of people or a place through mobilization (Braun, 2017, p. 35). But at the end of the day, they keep it low and just bite their tongue without realizing they have failed because of fear of intimidation, competition, irrationality, inferiority, and lack of confidence in themselves. Last year, if someone told me that I would speak of my opinions freely in public and mobilize people, I would not have believed them. However, as of today, I firmly believe that experiences change people. As a person, I can discover the areas that I am strong in and the areas that I am weak in, as a process of self-awareness. Concept of Leadership During my freshman year, we were tasked with developing a website for our college, as a class where the teacher assigned us groups. Each group was given a specific section to handle. The website had to be attractive enough to capture the attention of the target audience. Since the assignment was to be carried out by groups, it seemed exciting at first but the group where I was in, was a bit confusing and chaotic. This is because no one understood himself or herself well enough to lead and even worse, we did not know each other well. So one day when researching on the assigned topic, one member made a comment that really offended another member. As a result, an argument arose, and because of their ego, the two ended up in a fight. That day I had foregone a two-hour well-paying job to attend the group work. I felt offended as anger burned inside me and headed to where my two group members were. I made efforts to unite them and told them that they had to understand each others personali ties. Additionally, I elaborated that even though conflicting a part of the successful meeting, the meeting loses a grip when it gets personal and physical. Despite my efforts to remain calm and one point I lost my temper and gave them an ultimatum that if they hated each other, they should walk away and go on hating on each other and fail the test or stay and resolve their differences. From then on I became the team leader as it happened automatically because of the incident, something that I didnt expect. Through this event, I discovered one of my strengths which is a skill in the confrontation. This is the required skill when everyone is tensed or under pressure (Karamustafa, 2016, p. 6). Throughout the days of discussion, there was no other chaotic event. From then on, we chose someone confident enough to stand before everyone and present our work during the day of submission. However, on that day the chosen member did not turn up, so the group chose me to present. From the past experiences, I knew I was the worst presenter there could ever be. When I took the stage all the tensions, I had ever felt in all the years of my life arose as I looked at all those faces I always feared to address. In spite of that, I forgot about everything else except what I was taught on the subject of charming a crowd, demanding attention and of course everything about the website we created. After the presentation, everyone cheered me, and the teacher gave me fantastic comments about my performance. After that day, I started to feel good about myself more and more because the feedback I got from my job was encouraging. My four group members were people that I would always remember on my leadership journey, as they contributed a lot to my growth as the leader as team members. My computer teacher is also a participator in my journey as a leader because she encouraged me to do more with the leadership skills that I had acquired. On this account, I discovered my style of leadership style, my level of cultural intelligence, my level of emotional intelligence, my strengths, traits, and values (Lussier., 2016, p. 12). Leadership models and theories The main thing I found about myself through the research is my leadership style which is being a charismatic or democratic leader. A democratic leader is one who allows democracy in decision making. He involves others in decision making. He has emotional intelligence and emphasizes with others. He is reasonable and slow in action. It is an inborn trait enforced by education. They are the best leaders in the world whether they are leaders in organizations, institutions or countries (Alapo, 2016, p. 18). I crated my awareness about the self-awareness techniques, which will be needed to analyze our personality. I learned that MBIT (Myers-Brigs Type Indicator) can be imperative to our personality appropriately. To increase self-awareness, I studied the personality of Pope Francis as a democratic leader. He is highly reasonable, has got emotional intelligence, empathizes with others, does not regard himself higher than others, and allows other peoples opinions to be heard even though he is their head (Pendleton Furnham, 2016). To prove that he is a real democratic leader, he gathers a group of eight cardinals to ask for advice on how he would deal with same-sex marriages, as religious leader. That step was regarded as the most significant step in church history for over ten centuries, making him legend in the role that he has been designated to. He also visits a prison and washes the feet of a prisoner who is Muslim. That act showed humility in his service to humanity. Thereupon, Pope has charmed not only the Christian community but the whole world since he has attracted millions of non-Catholic admirers by dynamically acting in a new direction. On this account am a great admirer of Pope an d his doings as a charismatic leader, and he is the one that I look up to. My fellow students Claire and Alex were my partners, and they provided a critical analysis of my journey as a leader, and I am determined to do the same for them. For Claire, she is an authoritative leader whereby she is highly skilled and has an inborn leadership spirit that helps her influence others to work hard even when it is against their will. She tends to make all the decisions by herself in a team. She does not give room for criticism because she is against the idea of someone assessing her leadership journey. She dictates the work done by her team members because on the first day with her fast speaking style of a speech she directed us to submit our assessments and details at her own specific timings and methods. SWOT evaluation can use by an individual to analyze the internal personality of themselves for improving their personality and eliminate the weakness. Feedback provided by the companion and suggestion for development in future The Claires type of leadership is very influential on low key people, although it makes things go fast during task execution (Heilmann et al., 2016, p. 29). However, it makes other group members feel discouraged to voice their opinions unlike for the charismatic style of leadership. To improve on this, Claire has to humble a bit and consider that there are people around her with wonderful solutions and bright ideas. Also, she should make sure that she develops a good relationship with her teammates to understand them fully and know their values and opinions. She should ensure that at the end of every meeting, she allows her team members to voice their opinions and comments on the proceedings of the meeting. With ambition, wit, intelligence, strategy, influence and effective decision making without support by teammates, one cannot make it (EBSCO Publishing Firm, 2017). For Alex, his style of leadership is Leissez Faire or a free reign leader. He makes his group members feel at liberty to say or do anything at their timing and method. He is the type of leader who has the best relationship with his team members because they do not feel controlled. He does not give instructions or make decisions for them and most of the time; he delegates her work to them, which raises the motivation of her team members to a whole new level. However, she makes his group fail, because she does not monitor the task execution, although he is initiative, she does not give his team members any feedback. Also, one cannot leave her subordinates to do all the work without supervision because it causes laxity and absenteeism (Firm EBSCO Publishing, 2017, p. 13). Such a leader in any organization causes poor performance because of the do not care attitude (Mosley Schmidt, 2017, p. 48). Such kind of a leader leads to failure because there are no deadlines or plans for the teams management (Films Media Group Teletime Video, 2016). Alexs type of leadership is poor leadership. To develop better results with his work, Alex should make sure that she organizes himself before team meetings in order to ensure that he has planned out a work plan in which his group members will follow. With planning, he will be able to strategize and thus win at the end regarding effective production and tangible outcomes. He should make sure that he creates a route plan in which is supposed to follow during supervision to ensure that his team members are up to speed with the requirements of the task at hand. National and organizational culture is the way of life of a group of employees belonging to a specific organization, and several factors influence the same. The main factor affecting organizational culture is how the management handles its operations. If the organizations operate its functions in a free reign manner, then the employees will act in the same way. Also, the type of business that the organization handles deeply affects organizational culture because of various aspects such as types of markets, types of customers, the kind of government regulations and the kind of environment. The different types of businesses are; advertising agencies, distribution organizations, public relations agencies and the list is endless because of emerging inventions and technologies (Wilson, 2017). Last but not least, the working environment affects the culture of an organization because of aspects such as; trust, advocacy of the client, communication integrity, learning and growth attitudes an d positive team environment. Some of the communication skills that are effective in building relationships and mentoring of people along different cultures are: first, understand people. No matter where they are from and also being open to them about your own background and story and not only the issues you can relate with but also the issues that they can relate to (Editors of Salem Press, 2017). Also when communicating, one should ensure that the message is short, straight to the point and understandable by the target audience. The media through which the message is conveyed should also be considered because one may send a message using social media, but the audience is not conversant with the same. The theories of effective leadership are six in number. One is the trait theory that characterizes an effective leader by the use of five different traits. I have four of them and my weak spot comes in on the self-confidence part as one of the trait. The others are, ambition, intelligence, motivation and integrity (Breeding, 2017). Two is behavioral theory which categorizes a leader into three styles of leadership which are, authoritative, charismatic and leissez faire in which I fall in the send category as stated. The other one is situational theory where I experienced it during my first encounter with situations needing leadership where I took the chance when no one was there to fill the gap as given in my story above. Four, there is the fielder's contingency theory where a leader's behavior is determined in the way he deals with his employees for instance (Firm EBSCO Publishing, 2017, p. 17). I discovered that I am able to deal with my teammates effectively because of my social s kills. Five, is the path-goal theory that determines the influence of a leader on his subordinates (Seijts MacMillan, 2017, p. 22). Lastly, we get to the transformational theory where the leader is seen as revolutionary person who influences his teammates to change even when they do not want to (Nandram Bindlish, 2017, p. 42) Conclusion As per the above interpretation, it can be summarized that knowledge about leadership style could be effective for leader due to inspiring team member in the specified time and cost. It can also be concluded that values could be significant to meet the specified task of team in an ethical manner. Finally, it can be interpreted that SWOT and MBIT can also be imperative for a leader to evaluate the behavior of person. References ALAPO, D. R., 2016. GENERATION X: the role of culture on the leadership styles of women in leadership positions. 1st ed. [S.l.]: ASTA PUBLICATIONS. Braun, E. P., 2017. People f1rst leadership: how the best leaders use culture and emotion to drive unprecedented results. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Breeding, M., 2017. John Walsh receives ACRL CJCLS EBSCO Community College Learning Resources Leadership Award. CHICAGO: Library Technology Guides. EBSCO Publishing Firm, 2017. Business leadership. Scientific Society of Management in Romania. Craiova, Romania: EBSCO Publishing Firm. Editors of Salem Press, 2017. Strategies of management. Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press, a division of EBSCO Information Services. Films Media Group Teletime Video, I., 2016. Leadership. Part 2. New York, N.Y: Distributed by Films Media Group. Firm EBSCO Publishing, 2017. Leadership. American Association for Physician. Physician leadership journal, 5(2), pp. 12-46. Frantzeskaki, N., Broto, V. C., Coenen, L. Loorbach, D., 2017. Urban Sustainability Transitions. Florence: Taylor and Francis. Heilmann, S., Stepan, M. Studies, M. I. f. C., 2016. China's core executive leadership styles, structures, and processes under Xi Jiping. 1st ed. s.l.: Berlin Mercator Institute for China Studies. Karamustafa, E. Y., 2016. EQ Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles The Relationship Between EQ Transformational- Transactional Leadership Styles and Moderating Role of Gender. 1st ed. Saarbru?cken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Lussier., 2016. Leadership. 1st ed. s.l.: Cengage Learning. Milstein, T., Pileggi, M. Morgan, E., 2017. Environmental communication pedagogy and practice. London; New York: Routledge. Mosley, R. Schmidt, L., 2017. Employer branding for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Nandram, S. S. Bindlish, P. K., 2017. Managing VUCA through integrative self-management: how to cope with volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity in organizational behavior. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, Pendleton, D. Furnham, A. F., 2016. Leadership. 1st ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Seijts, G. MacMillan, K., 2017. Leadership in Practice: Theory and Cases in Leadership Character. London: Taylor and Francis. Wilson, R. L., 2017. Principles of business. Management. Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press, a division of EBSCO Information Services, Inc.

On Dumpster Diving Essay Essay Example

On Dumpster Diving Essay Paper Quite by accident. I found the essay On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner on the pages of Seagull magazine. The first lines of it captured my involvement well. for as I had neer read about Dumpster diving or scavenging earlier. On Dumpster Diving is a piece of big Eighner’s work called Travels with Lizbeth ( 1993 ) . which was based on his ain experience of homelessness. The writer engages me by stating the beginning and significance of the term Dumpster Diver. showing his endurance usher with specified regulations and ordinances. Dumpster is a hallmark of refuse lading onto trucks system. Dumpster plunging involves individuals voluntarily mounting into rubbish bins ( Dumpsters ) to happen valuables or merely utile points. including nutrient and used vesture. Eighner writes that the life of a mendicant going without any money opened his eyes to the fact that all those containers with waste are existent â€Å"supermarkets† for the hapless. and they are non merely a beginni ng of endurance. but besides a depository of high-quality and diverse nutrient. Anyhow. there is a hazard in eating such findings. We will write a custom essay sample on On Dumpster Diving Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On Dumpster Diving Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On Dumpster Diving Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Eighner’s experience. taking nutrient out of Dumpsters should affect three simple rules: â€Å"using the senses and common sense to measure the status of the found stuffs. cognizing the Dumpsters of a given country and look intoing them on a regular basis. and seeking ever to reply the inquiry. â€Å"Why was this discarded? † Narrator advises to avoid such nutrients as game. domestic fowl. porc. and egg-based repasts. Soft drinks proving should be based on their fizzing smartly. Bing a scavenger. one has to detect the least marks of seeable contaminates. Notwithstanding the scavenger has no insurance of self- poisoning. Subsequently on Lars tells about â€Å"a predictable series of phases a individual goes through in larning to scavenge. † in which disgust at the get downing gives manner to indiscriminate geting of the things. The narrative besides includes information about the â€Å"can-divers† and their manner of plunging featured as unethical and impudent. The secret plan of it is neither compound nor rich in events and characters. However. it is thought arousing. The writer gives us elaborate counsel how to last being a Dumpster frogman. Reading the essay. I asked myself right along whether it was the lone purpose of Eighner to learn us those regulations. As the narrative progressed. I picked up the writer’s construct bit by bit. His essay exemplifies the uneconomical nature of American society and implies that it is the consequence of mercenary values but besides ignorance and deficiency of understanding. Peoples unreasonably throw out even nutrient that is appropriate for utilizing: â€Å"Students throw out many good things including food†¦the point was thrown out through sloppiness. ignorance. or thriftlessness. † ( Eighner ) The scavenger can get â€Å"boom boxes. tapers. bedclothes. toilet paper. medical specialty. books. a typewriter. a virgin male love doll. alteration sometimes amounting to many dollars† in the Dumpsters. I suppose the intent of the article is besides to demo how immoral is to throw out good nutrient and things. cognizing that 1000s are hungering and enduring from poorness. However. precisely that refuse helps him to last at hard times. Eighner’s concluding for why people are mercenary derives from the construct that they are lost and unsure of what they want. In a manner. his short essay On Dumpster Diving. suggests to his readers that to accomplish the province of satisfaction. they need to cognize what they want. He states. â€Å"Almost everything I have now has already been cast at least one time. turn outing that what I own is valueless to person. † The writer himself collects merely things that are of benefit to him and leaves the remainder for the benefit of others. The article shows that the author being homeless still keeps his intelligent. clever. and sentimental manner of thought. He emphasises the transiency of stuff being and says. â€Å"Once I was the kind of individual who invests material objects with sentimental value. Now I no longer have those things. but I have the sentiments yet. † ( Eighner ) I think. depicting all the regulations of Dumpster plunging Lars Eighner represents us the necessity of maintaining the etiquette even in hardship. The surfs of that common jurisprudence are the â€Å"can-divers. † They. as contrasted with the true scavengers. expression merely for the money there and blend the contents of the Dumpster doing it more hard to happen the genuinely good things. the writer explains. The worst in can scroungers’ actions is their audaciousness to travel through single containers in forepart of peoples places. something a true frogman would neer make. Making that the can diver discoveries different prescriptions. journals and things the proprietor throws out. It is clear that privateness unwraping would abash us. Eighner exclaims against private invasion. therefore showing his civilization and humanitarianism. The last paragraph where Lars compares himself to ultra-wealthy is the most interesting point of the essay. to my head. The rich people can get anything they like and the money does non stand in the manner of making that. The Dumpster diver gets the things from Dumpsters free excessively. Author’s analysis is that the truly rich or the truly hapless are those who do non desire or necessitate. In his comparing. Lars means that he and the super-rich bash non necessitate the points the remainder of us do. He can merely travel out and happen them. The storyteller tries to demo the positives of his profession. but does non overlook the negatives every bit good. following it with the words: â€Å"Dumpster diving has serious drawbacks as a manner of life. † The chief thought of Lars Eighner in his essay is to guarantee us that any hopeless state of affairs has its manner out. The life goes on even if you meet difficulties†¦ He calls us for maintaining our cultural and ethical endowments even when being in the lowest province of life. We may non bury that holding mercenary values over moral 1s destroys and vitiates us from interior. In the alone voice – prohibitionist. disciplined. affecting. comic- Eighner celebrates the victory of the artistic spirit in the face of tremendous hardship. therefore. animating me for true regard.

Legalizing Marijuana in New York State Essays

Legalizing Marijuana in New York State Essays Legalizing Marijuana in New York State Essay Legalizing Marijuana in New York State Essay Legalizing Marijuana in New York State MeganCastner Composition 1 ENC 1101-12 Currently in New York State, marijuana is illegal. Marijuana is considered an illegal drug by many countries. Over the years there has been a great deal of controversy on whether or not marijuana should be. Growing, smoking, and being in the possession of marijuana for medicinal use, should be legal in the state of New York. In the State of New York it is illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana. In 2002 approximately 57,504 arrests associated with marijuana (â€Å"Penalties for marijuana use In New York†). Selling under 2grams of marijuana is a class B misdemeanor (â€Å"New York marijuana laws†). The penalty for selling 24g of marijuana in New York State for in currently 1 year in jail and $1,000 fine. However the penalty for selling 25g-4oz is 1-4 years of jail time and a $5,000 fine (â€Å"Penalties for marijuana use in New York†). Possession of 25g or under of marijuana is also class B misdemeanor, meaning no set penalty. However the sentencing judge can determine what consequences the guilty party suffers. Being in possession of 8oz or over is a class E felony(â€Å"New York marijuana laws†), could result in prison time equaling less than five years but more than one year(â€Å"United States Code†). The penalty for possessing 25g is $100 fine, 2-8 oz is 1 year jail time and a $1,000 fine, 8-16 oz is 1-4 years jail time and $5,000 fine, 16oz-10lbs is 1-15 years jail time and a $5,000 fine (â€Å"Penalties for marijuana use in New York†). The marijuana is not legal to just anyone, its use is for Medicinal purposes only. Marijuana is currently legal in 14 out of the 50 states, medicinal marijuana is legal in the following states: California, New Jersey, Vermont, Maine, Rhode Island, Colorado, Montana, District Columbia (D. C. ), Hawaii, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Alaska, and Washington. Legalizing Marijuana would help the streets tremendously. There would be little to no fighting for drugs. Young kids wouldn’t peddle drugs on the street. Crime rates would go down. Some medical conditions would be tolerable. The drug used for recreational purposes alleviates sever pain, some types of depressions. Relating this to tobacco, if marijuana was legal people wouldn’t be robbing others just to keep their fix. They have to come by the marijuana honestly like you do a pack of cigarettes. In my opinion if marijuana were to be legalized in New York, a lot of people would get longer to live and a second chance at life. References 1) Times, High. The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal | Drugs AlterNet.   Home | AlterNet. Aug. -Sept. 2007. Web. 06 July 2011. . 2) CBS NEWS. Myth: Policy Change Is Inevitable  Pictures CBS News.   Breaking News Headlines: Business, Entertainment World News CBS News. Web. 06 July 2011. . 3) NBC NEWS. Veterans in D. C. May Not Benefit From Medical Marijuana | NBC Washington.   NBC Washington DC Local News, Weather, Traffic, Entertainment, Events, Breaking News | NBC Washington. 1 Nov. 2010. Web. 06 July 2011. . 4) Legalization of Marijuana. Web. 06 July 2011. . 5) United States Code: Title 18,3559. Sentencing Classification of Offenses | LII / Legal Information Institute.   LII | Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. Web. 06 July 2011. .

Job interview questions (Advertising) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Job interview questions (Advertising) - Essay Example While working, I allocate adequate question time to my team members in order to attain the feedback. My objective is to involve all individuals in the decision making process. In this regard, I use democracy leadership style. I value this style since it creates a good working relationship between leaders and members of an organization. I like seeking the opinions of others during my leadership. As a result, once I make changes in the benefits program for example by introducing a computer course, there is no resistance to change from the workers since they are involved in the plan. One of the challenges faced by sales team is lack of product awareness. I will tackle this challenge by coming up with roadside shows in road junction and public places especially during the weekends. As a result, more potential consumers will be aware of our brands (Matt, 2005). I will also create songs that our sales team will sing while advertising in the television. By use of IT, and in collaboration with company designers, I will come up with well-designed advertisements that inform the customer about our brands once they are launched in the market. My objective is to have a strong marketing team and effective PR that is able to handle customer complaints. Using face book and twitter, I will come up with a group that our consumers will join as friends thus creating a strong positive customer-brand relationship. As an intern, I came up with an innovative idea of using plastic bags that were green and recyclable. In this way, there was minimum pollution within our premises as well as in the neighborhood. I value teamwork and assisting individual members to achieve their goals. However, at one time I experienced a challenge when some members of my team were involved in a conflict resulting to failure to achieve our objectives. To address this problem, I arranged a meeting with each of the member, then with both of them and lastly we solved the issue and the positive

The Launching of Credit Card in Romania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Launching of Credit Card in Romania - Essay Example The bank which is launching the card is Alpen bank. The objective of the research is to find out whether the launch of credit card into the country will be worth and whether such a launch will be able to generate the sufficient amount of revenues so that the feasibility of the new product is proved in terms of entry-decision. SWOT analysis is carried out to find out the relevant opportunities and issues about the establishment of new credit card business. Market positioning of the bank is analyzed for the successful establishment of the credit card business. SWOT Analysis Strengths The strength of the bank comes from its affluent customers. Majority of customers of the bank belong to the upper strata of the society. Having affluent customers also means that they are more frequent with the use of credit card and the purchase amount is also high. Weaknesses The major weakness of the credit card business comes because of the low growth potential. The growth potential of credit card busi ness is very low in Romania compared to other emerging markets. Lack of consumer experience in terms of management of credit card and related monetary transaction is another weakness, because of which majority of customers opt for cash transactions. The country has suffered a three year long recession which has affected the life style of the common people. Consumers have become price sensitive and opt for cutting budgets with the objective of saving money. This is a weak link for the credit card business because it is a general perception among consumers that holding credit cards leads to higher amount of purchases as compared to cash purchases. Another issue in credit card business is that, most of the times credit card is used for exclusive cash withdrawals rather than using it for real purpose that it purchase. Apart from this, since credit card business is relatively new and unknown to the customers of Romania, huge investments will be needed with respect of advertising, direct marketing and support infrastructure. Opportunities The opportunities from this credit card business can be explained in terms of the political, social and other related factors affecting the country and the credit card industry as well; Political- legal policies, procedure and other corporate obligations in the country are not very stringent, which will help in the smother transaction of the business. Economic- the economic environment of Romania has improved since 2006, after the country entered into the European Union. Since then, the microeconomic trends have been positive and with the increasing income, the disposable income of the households has also increased. This shows the opportunity of the credit card business to bank on the increased economic conditions of the country. Socio-cultural- with the increase in the economic status, it is expected that one third of the Romanian population will prefer branded products. This will increase the overall use of credit cards in the co untry. Technological- with the advent of globalization, more are more companies have stated to market their products and services into more emerging and developing markets. As the availability of technology has become cheaper and readily available, the credit card business can tap on this opportunity. Since credit card business will need technological assistance, the company can use the latest technology available to gain a sustainable competitive advantage over the competitors. Environmental- the use of credit cards is totally free from creating environmental hazards. The use of online transactions will also decrease the use of paper which will influence the environment in a positive manner. Threats Similarly, the threats from this credit

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly

Evaluation of Suicide Research in the Elderly A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF TWO RESEARCH APPROACHES TO SUICIDALITY IN THE ELDERLY: the qualitative and quantitative paradigms Introduction: Suicide may be considered a common and devastating emergency in the general practice of mental health. It is a phenomenon that is generally complex and inherently difficult to predict. Suicidality, which is the spectrum of psychological activities that culminates in the eventual death of the individual, may be especially complicated in the elderly. This is because people of that age group are known to traverse the continuum of suicidal behaviour with extraordinary secrecy, determination and lethality. Thus, there may be up to three new cases of elderly suicide for every one below the age of 25 years in many countries (Diego et al., 2004, Mello-Santos et al., 2005). Giving the intricate nature of the phenomenon in the elderly, understanding the immediate and remote factors that may be suggestive of imminent death by suicide may be an important step to setting up targeted interventions before it is too late. In the context of suicide research, immediate pointers to an impending suicide may, on the one hand, include a subjective ‘experience’ with suicidal ideas or the wish to die. This very personal experience may sometimes be expressed in signs and symptoms such as talking or writing about the end. A phenomenon sometimes referred to as suicidal warnings (Rudd et al., 2006). In this regards, immediate factors for imminent suicide may also extend to the ‘meanings’ attached to such notices by their recipients. The understanding of peoples experiences and meanings is strengthen by the qualitative research paradigm (Fossey et al., 2002). The more remote pointers to an imminent suicide may include correlates of suicidality within the larger population, as against the individual. The investigation of such independent risk factors within the population, or a systematically generated sample from it, is underpinned by the quantitative research model (Godwin et al., 2003). To provide a clear understanding of the qualitative and quantitative frameworks, this discourse aims to critically compare two studies using contrasting approaches in elucidating the factors related to suicide in the elderly. The context and comparison This first study, hereafter referred to as Kjiolseth and Ekeberg (Kjolseth and Ekeberg, 2012), was an investigation of the experiences and reactions of people to warnings they have received about the suicidal intention of their elderly wards. The authors relied on the technique of psychological autopsy (Beskow et al., 1990). Wherein, they re-created the circumstances of the suicide through interviews of 63 formal and informal carers of 23 individuals who had died in that manner aged 65 years or over. The second study, hereafter referred to as Ojagbemi et al (Ojagbemi et al., 2013), examined the predictive relationship between several health related variables and three behaviours occurring on a continuum leading to eventual death by suicide. The authors relied on a multi-stage probability sample of 2149 participants aged 65 years or over, and spread across a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. The main research question explored by Kjiolseth and Ekeberg was; how did people perceive and react to suicidal warnings communicated to them by the elderly around them? Perception in this context may be broadly understood as the individual’s cognizance of the events external to them. Such perception may also feedback on how the individual will react. In the view of empiricists such as Locke (Baird et al., 2008) the awareness of externally occurring events may only be possible if they are mentally represented. In this regards, the reality is created in the mind of the recipient. Further, Bekerley (Atherton, 1987) contends that this reality is inherently modifiable according to previous experience. Therefore, since the previous experiences of different individuals may be inherently different, and dynamic, the proposition of a single or unitary reality may be less likely. In other words, the research question of Kjiolseth and Ekerberg may be best answered if the perception and r eaction of a variety of carefully selected individuals who may have received the suicidal warnings are considered. Qualitative interviews may afford the opportunity for the researchers in this instance to generate more nuanced accounts from a wide selection of individuals who may be knowledgeable about the phenomenon of interest. In contrast to Kjiolseth and Ekerberg, Ojagbemi et al wanted to find out if there are indices of health and wellbeing in the general population that may demonstrate predictive associations with suicidality among the elderly living in sub-Saharan African communities. This research question may suggest as follows; firstly, by indices, the authors appear interested in numerical or value indicators of health and wellbeing. Secondly, by predictive associations, they may also be interested in relationships. Thirdly, Ojagbemi et al appear interested in the general population, rather than individuals. The interest of the authors in the examination of predicted relationships between numerical and/ or non-numerical (i.e, categorical) indicators, with a focus on the general population may support a non-experimental quantitative approach (Martens, 1998). In line with the quantitative framework, Ojagbemi et al specifically investigated the predictive relationship between a wide range of demographic and health related variables and three categories of behaviour occurring on a continuum leading to eventual suicide in people who have attained the age of 65 years or over at the start of the study. They additionally sort to investigate the transition between one behaviour and another. These categories of behaviour were namely; suicidal ideation, suicidal plans, and suicidal attempts. They hypothesized that several of the health and wellbeing indicators will predict the presence of these suicidal behaviours. The study was a community based cross-sectional survey of the elderly living in a geographical area equivalent to a quarter of the national population. Giving the research question of Ojagbemi et al about predictive associations, the exploration of several demographic and health related variables should allow the investigators to examin e the independent effect of individual variables on the suicidal behaviours while holding the others constant. Furthermore, giving the interest of the authors on sub-Saharan African communities, the focus on communities spread over a wide geographical area, should allow for a wider generalisation of the findings to several sub-Saharan African communities. Conversely, the community based design may inherently exclude the elderly in care and nursing homes, as well as hospitals. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable, after all, to the entire sub-Saharan African elderly population. Also, the cross-sectional design makes the picture of whether the elderly have had these behaviours long before they attained the age of 65 years unclear. As such it may be doubtful if the result represents the true depiction of affairs in the elderly population. On the other hand, the study by Kjiolseth and Ekerberg studied people’s experiences and reactions to the ‘warnings’ they have received about the suicidal intentions or plans of the elderly around them. They have relied on psychological autopsy, based on several interviews with people the authors thought should have the knowledge and experience about the phenomenon they planned to investigate. Giving the research questions of the authors about how people perceived notices of suicide communicated to them, a re-enactment of the situation surrounding the eventual suicidal act, through information from key informants, may help shed light on people’s experiences and the processes involved in the reaction of individuals. The individual meaning is also referred to as phenomenology in the context of qualitative research (Thompson et al., 1989). However, with individual meanings it may be difficult to demonstrate ‘probabilistic’ generalisability to the w ider group of formal or informal carers of the elderly who have died by suicide. On the other hand, it might be possible to generalise findings with strong ‘internal validity’ to similar contexts (Pawson and Tilley, 1997 ). Furthermore, They were also interested in the general population of the elderly living a wide geographical area. In this regard, it is the ideal for the authors to access very elderly person living in the location of interest. However, it may be a near impossibility to attempt to interview every elderly person living in an area equivalent to a quarter of the country. As such, the authors resorted to a systematic method of taking a representative sample of the population of the elderly in the location of interest. In this way, they relied on a multi-stage area probability sample of the elderly living in households spread over the study location. They interviewed one elderly person per household, and eventually arrived at a sample size of 2149 participants REFERENCES ATHERTON, M. 1987. Berkeleys Anti-Abstractionism. In: SOSA, E. (ed.) Essays on the Philosophy of George Berkeley. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. BAIRD, E, F., KAUFMANN WALTER 2008. From Plato to Derrida, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall. BESKOW, J., RUNESON, B. ASGARD, U. 1990. Psychological autopsies: methods and ethics. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 20, 307-23. DIEGO, D. L., SHELLEY, B., M, B. J., KERKHOF, D. J. F. A. BILLE-BRAHEUNNI 2004. Definitions of Suicidal Behaviour. In: LEO, D. D., BILLE-BRAHE, U., KERKHOF, A. J. F. M. SCHMIDTKE, A. (eds.) Suicidal behaviour. Cambridge: Hogrefe Huber. FOSSEY, E., HARVEY, C., MCDERMOTT, F. DAVIDSON, L. 2002. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 36, 717-32. GODWIN, M., RUHLAND, L., CASSON, I., MACDONALD, S., DELVA, D., BIRTWHISTLE, R., LAM, M. SEGUIN, R. 2003. Pragmatic controlled clinical trials in primary care: the struggle between external and internal validity. BMC Med Res Methodol, 3, 28. KJOLSETH, I. EKEBERG, O. 2012. When elderly people give warning of suicide. Int Psychogeriatr, 24, 1393-401. MARTENS, D. 1998. Research methods in education and psychology : integrating diversity with quantitative qualitative approaches, Thousand Oaks, Sage. MELLO-SANTOS, C., BERTOLOTE, J. M. WANG, Y. P. 2005. Epidemiology of suicide in Brazil (1980-2000): characterization of age and gender rates of suicide. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 27, 131-4. OJAGBEMI, A., OLADEJI, B., ABIONA, T. GUREJE, O. 2013. Suicidal behaviour in old age results from the Ibadan Study of Ageing. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 80. PAWSON, R. TILLEY, N. 1997 Realistic Evaluation, London, Sage. RUDD, M. D., BERMAN, A. L., JOINER, T. E., JR., NOCK, M. K., SILVERMAN, M. M., MANDRUSIAK, M., VAN ORDEN, K. WITTE, T. 2006. Warning signs for suicide: theory, research, and clinical applications. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 36, 255-62. THOMPSON, C. J., LOCANDER, W. B. POLLIO, H. R. 1989. Putting Consumer Experience Back into Consumer Research: The Philosophy and Method of Existential-Phenomenology. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 133-146.

Essay --

When asked to evaluate the contribution to marketing made by an influential scholar, I decided to choose Phillip Kotler. Phillip Kotler was born on the 27th of May 1931 in Chicago. He was a character who strived during his educational times as he contains a Masters degree from the University of Chicago as well as a PhD from MIT both in the field of Economics. He is known as not just a famous Marketer but a renown author who has published over 55 books such as â€Å"Principles of Marketingâ€Å" â€Å" A Framework for Marketing Managementâ€Å" and â€Å"Marketing 3.0â€Å". The main reason I chose to study Kotler was that over his lifetime he was widely known for his efforts made to the modern marketing era. Of these acknowledgements made I would like to focus in on what I think are his three main contributes to marketing. Firstly, he was given the title as the â€Å"Father of modern marketing† which was seen in the eyes of the nearly all who study marketing. This title was given to him due to his outstanding knowledge and simplest ways to describe and focus in on the future fundamentals of marketing. Secondly, He one of the worlds’s leading authors on marketing placing 4th as an influential character behind the likes of Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. Finally, Kotler is said to be the founders behind the widely known 4 P’s, he is "the world's foremost expert on the strategic practice of marketing" (by Management Centre Europe). Professor Kotler is the expert marketer who discovered the 4 Ps of Marketing. This discovery is one of the most influentia... ...her one of his books â€Å"Marketing Management† is one his widely used graduate level textbook. Many students studying marketing refer to this book, he developed ideas and concepts in marketing including atmospherics (the store's layout, noise level, temperature, lighting), demarketing (reverse marketing in which a company discourages product demand in areas where they cannot realize a desired profit), megamarketing (type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firm's external environment), and synchromarketing (activity intended to shift the pattern of demand to that it equates more suitably with the ideal pattern of supply). Kotler believes that marketing theory needs to go beyond price theory and incorporate the dynamics of innovation, distribution and promotion systems into analyzing, explaining and predicting economic outcomes.

Aristotle or a post-modern anti-hero?

In On the Road Jack Kerouac produces what has become known as the archetypal Beat hero, Dean Moriaty. An analysis of whether he is closer to a traditional Aristotelian hero or to the postmodern anti-hero will reveal much about the often contradictory forces at work within the â€Å"rhythms of fifties underground America, jazz, sex, generosity, chill dawns and drugs . . . â€Å" (Holmes, 1957). Before discussing which Moriaty is closer to it will be necessary to briefly define both the traditional and the postmodern hero, identifying what they hold in common and what divides them.The traditional Aristotelian hero is a high-born man, normally royal or at least from the aristocracy who appears to be on top of the world at the beginning of his story. He has many advantages, both natural and acquired. He is often successful, popular with others and apparently happy. The tragic hero normally has something that has been called â€Å"the fatal flaw† (Kaufmann, 1992). This flaw may b e something he has no blame for, such as the heel that makes Achilles physically vulnerable, the jealousy that makes Othello emotionally vulnerable or the introspection that makes Hamlet delay so long. This fatal flaw often leads, in one way or another, to the downfall of the tragic hero.So the traditional tragic hero falls from a high social position to disgrace and/or death through circumstance and through his supposed fatal flaw. Aristotle said that his fate should inspire â€Å"pity and fear† within the audience (Aristotle, 2001).   Pity for the fate of the individual tragic hero and fear that they might fall into a similar situation themselves.   By contrast, the anti-hero is, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"a main character in a dramatic or narrative work who is characterized by a lack of traditional heroic qualities, such as idealism of courage† (America, 1992).Some clue to which definition of protagonist – hero or anti-hero †“ Dean Moriaty falls can be found within the fact that the very term â€Å"anti-hero† is in fact a Twentieth Century invention (Lawall, 1966).   The idea of the anti-hero is in many ways linked to early twentieth century philosophies such as Existentialism, which suggested that life has little meaning and that no absolute standards of morality are relevant. The anti-hero creates his own sense of values, often from moment to moment, according to the needs of the moment. The postmodern anti-hero takes on similar propensities, although he is even more extreme. The â€Å"Man-With-No-Name† character that Clint Eastwood played in the 1960’s spaghetti westerns is perhaps the classic postmodern anti-hero.The world of these westerns does not have â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† as could be identified by the white/black horses, the white/black cowboy hats and the handsome/ugly actors of the traditional Western. There are merely shades of darkness in the spag hetti western, and the same can be said for most of the characters in On the Road, set as it is within a world of constant wandering throughout America that is in some ways very similar to a western.One of the most important facets of On the Road is the fact that there are two main characters. First, there is Sal Paradise, the titular narrator of the novel that has been more or less associated with Kerouac himself; and second, there is Dean Moriaty. The reader is rapidly and constantly drawn into views of Dean Moriaty. Sal describes him as â€Å"simply a youth tremendously excited with life† who possesses â€Å"a kind of holy lightning . .. flashing from his excitement and his visions† (Kerouac, 1957).   Later Dean is described as â€Å"the holy con-man with the shining mind† (Kerouac, 1957).So in the manner of both the hero and the anti-hero, Dean is a charismatic character who draws others to him through the sheer energy that he exudes and his apparent zest for everything life has to offer. But Dean is very low born. He is apparently the son of an alcoholic who was never really raised properly and who has had criminal propensities from a very young age. Dean has been in prison for stealing cars. While traditional tragic heroes may commit the most serious of crimes (often murder) they are not normally criminal in a conventional sense. There is something petty and hopeless about the kind of criminality that Dean Moriaty displays.But in the best tradition of the postmodern anti-hero, Dean has learned a lot about how to live from his incarceration. He states, with characteristic bluntness:Only a guy who’s spent five years in jail can go to such maniacal  helpless extremes . . . prison is where you promise yourself the  right to live.  (Kerouac, 1957)So the anti-hero discovers himself through falling from grace, even if he probably did not have far to fall in the first place. Rather than going to his death or languishing in the shame of his crimes he lives out the years of his imprisonment and then comes out to go â€Å"on the road†. In one sense the novel shows what might happen when the tragic hero has fallen, been transformed and emerged as a postmodern anti-hero.Dean does fall further however, especially as the novel continues and the novelty of being free to do as he wishes starts to wear thin. Thus his abandonment of his wife and child are brought to his attention, indeed he is confronted with it. Sal, ever the intelligent observer, states that â€Å"where once Dean would have talked his way out, now he fell silent . . . he was BEAT† (Kerouac, 1957).The protagonist of the novel goes through it performing decidedly un-heroic deeds such as this abandonment. He also expresses a constant and rather disturbing attraction for very young girls, often only 12 or 13, especially those who are prostitutes and thus totally vulnerable to his desires. Near the end of the novel he actually abandons S al as he lies sick in Mexico City. Ultimately Sal comes to see Dean in a very brutal light, oine that hardly meets any kind of definition other than a decidedly anti-hero:. . . when I got better I realized what a rat he was, but then I hadbto understand the impossible complexity of his life, how he had toleave me there, sick, to get on with his wives and woes.b(Kerouac, 1957) (emphasis added)Dean is thus essentially a coward, and a lack of courage is never part of the character of a tragic hero, whatever other faults he may possess. But Sal, in characteristically postmodern fashion, does not blame Dean for his cowardice and being a â€Å"rat†. The postmodern condition is one in which there are no absolute standards of ethics and thus everything is more or less forgiven.It is the â€Å"complexity† of his life that Sal feels makes Dean constantly abandon people. He is just another character who moves through an aimless world with little to concern him except an increasin gly futile search for a purely hedonistic lifestyle.The constant traveling in the book makes Dean an anti-hero rather than a hero. While many tragic heroes travel (Aeschylus, Odysseus) they nearly always have some kind of destination – whether it be ethical or geographical, in mind. The characters of On the Road travel constantly, but with, to quote a popular song of the period â€Å"no particular place to go†. They travel for the sake of traveling.   This aimless travel is a symbol for the lack of a higher ethical or religious structure within which to live. The characters of On the Road are sure of nothing, except that, as Sal says at the end of the book â€Å"nobody knows what’s going to happen to anybody besides the forlorn rags of growing old† (Kerouac, 1957).Dean moves from the West to the East to the West to the South . . .   and on with a sense of rather melancholy endlessness. At the end of the novel Dean returns to the West Coast on his own, and Sal ruminates upon the sad meaninglessness of life. While much has happened in the novel in some senses, in the classic, Aristotelian sense very little has occurred that will permanently change people. On the Road has no simple dramatic structure. There is no climax and denouement. Rather it is a formless kind of a quest story in which the search is an end in itself.This endless quest give On the Road   a post-modern structure. The characters are on an existential search for themselves that seems doomed to failure. Dean Moriaty is the archetypal post-modern anti-hero within this quest. He draws people to him, and they travel thousands of miles in order to be a part of his wandering life. But when he loses interest in them he drops them with what appears to be a callous disregard for the consequences. But there is something â€Å"heroic† in his actions as he is at least being honest. He is being true to himself. If that â€Å"self† much of the time is cowardly, c asually cruel, vaguely criminal and pedophilic in nature then he will still reveal it.To conclude, it seems clear that Dean Moriaty, the protagonist of On the Road is far nearer to a post-modern anti-hero than   to a traditional, classical hero. The world that he inhabits is one in which there is little meaning. It is an often dark, forbidding place in which the Cold War threatens nuclear missiles and in which a kind of despairing hedonism is the only course of action which seems relevant to most of the characters. They move around the country at an often dizzying rate, driving all night long for no apparent reason other than the fact they are moving. Romantic relationships are often little more than brief romantic liaisons and marriages are abandoned with the same disregard for consequences that the children that have come from them are thrown away. Dean Moriaty is a post-modern anti-hero, one that a myriad of similar figures have been more or less based upon in the fifty years s ince On the Road   was first publish.Works CitedAmerican Heritage Dictionary, Dell, New York: 1992.Aristotle, The Basic Works of Aristotle, Modern Library, New York: 2001.Holmes, Richard. â€Å"On the Road Review†. The Times, London: 1957.Kaufmann, Walter. Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton UP, New York: 1992.Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. Penguin, New York: 1957.Lawall, Greg. â€Å"Apollonius Argonautica. Jason as Anti-Hero†. Yale Classical Studies. 19, 119-169.

Metamorphosis in Indian Telecom Industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3005 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Metamorphosis in Telecom Industry Abstract: Today, Telecommunications is one of the fastest-growing areas of technology in the world. Because of its rapid growth, businesses and individuals can access information at electronic speed from almost anywhere in the world. By including telecommunications in their operations, businesses can provide better services and products to their customers. For individuals, telecommunications provides access to worldwide information and services. India’s telephone network is one of the largest communication networks in the world which continues to grow at blistering pace. The Indian Telecommunications network with 621 million connections (as on March 2010) is the third largest network after China USA and the fastest growing market with a growth rate of 45% in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. The telecommunication sector continued to register significant success during the past few years and has emerged as one of the key sectors responsible for India’s resurgent and its economic growth. This rapid growth has been possible due to various proactive and positive decisions of the Government and contribution of both by the public and the private sector. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Metamorphosis in Indian Telecom Industry" essay for you Create order The rapid strides in the telecom sector have been facilitated by liberal policies of the Government that provide easy market access for telecom equipment and a fair regulatory framework for offering telecom services to the Indian consumers at affordable prices. Indian telecommunication sector has undergone a major process of transformation through significant policy reforms, particularly beginning with the announcement of National Telecom Policy (NTP) 1994 and was subsequently re-emphasized and carried forward under NTP 1999. Driven by various policy initiatives, the Indian telecom sector witnessed a complete transformation in the last decade. It has achieved a phenomenal growth during the last few years and is poised to take a big leap in the future also. Presently, all the telecom services have been opened for private participation. Keywords: Telecommunication, Consumers, Teledensity, 3G Services, Technology In today’s information age, the telecommunication industry has a vital role to play. Considered as the backbone of industrial and economic development, the industry has been aiding delivery of voice and data services at rapidly increasing speeds, and thus, has been revolutionising human communication. The development of the telecom sector has experienced a major process of transformation in terms of its growth, technological content, and market structure in the last decade through policy reforms introduced by the Government. The impetus of these changes is expected to continue, and at a much faster pace. INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION Indian telecom sector is more than 165 years old. Telecommunications was first introduced in India in 1851 when the first operational landlines were laid by the government near Kolkata (then Calcutta), although telephone services were formally introduced in India much later in 1881. Further, in 1883, telephone services were merged with the postal system. In 1947, after India attained independence, all foreign telecommunication companies were nationalised to form the Posts, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT), a body that was governed by the Ministry of Communication. The first wind of reforms in telecommunications sector began to flow in 1980s when the private sector was allowed in telecommunications equipment manufacturing. The government concretised its earlier efforts towards developing RD in the sector by setting up an autonomous body – Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) in 1984 to develop state-of-the-art telecommunication technology to meet the growing needs of the Indian telecommunication network. In 1985, Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was established. It was an exclusive provider of domestic and long-distance service that would be its own regulator (separate from the postal system). In 1986, two wholly government-owned companies were created: the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) for international telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) for service in metropolitan areas. The actual evolution of the industry started after the Government separated the Department of Post nd Telegraph in 1985 by setting up the Department of Posts and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). The entire evolution of the telecom industry can be classified into three distinct phases. * Phase I- Pre-Liberalisation Era (1980-89) * Phase II- Post Liberalisation Era (1990-99) * Phase III- Post 2000 Until the late 90s the Government of India held a monopoly on all types of communications – as a result of the Telegraph Act of 1885. Until the industry was liberalised in the early nineties, it was a heavily government-controlled and small-sized market, Government policies have played a key role in shaping the structure and size of the Telecom industry in India. As a result, the Indian telecom market is one of the most liberalised markets in the world with private participation in almost all of its segments. The New Telecom Policy (NTP-99) provided the much needed impetus to the growth of this industry and set the trend for liberalisation in the industry. NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY 1994 In 1994, the Government announced the National Telecom Policy which defined certain important objectives, including availability of telephone on demand, provision of world class services at reasonable prices, improving India’s competitiveness in global market and promoting exports, attractive FDI and stimulating domestic investment, ensuring India’s emergence as major manufacturing / export base of telecom equipment and universal availability of basic telecom services to all villages. It also announced a series of specific targets to be achieved by 1997. NEW TELECOM POLICY 1999 The most important milestone and instrument of telecom reforms in India  is  the New Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP 99). The New Telecom Policy, 1999 (NTP-99) was approved on 26th March 1999, to become effective from 1st April 1999. NTP-99 laid down a clear roadmap for future reforms, contemplating the opening up of all the segments of the telecom sector for private sector participation. It clearly recognized the need for strengthening the regulatory regime as well as restructuring the departmental telecom services to that of a public sector corporation so as to separate the licensing and policy functions of the Government from that of being an operator. It also recognized the need for resolving the prevailing problems faced by the operators so as to restore their confidence and improve the investment climate. Key features of the NTP 99 include: * Strengthening of Regulator. National long distance services opened to private operators. * International Long Distance Services opened to private sectors. * Private telecom operators licensed on a revenue sharing basis, plus a one-time entry fee. Resolution of problems of existing operators envisaged. * Direct interconnectivity and sharing of network with other telecom operators within the service area was permitted. * Department of Telecommunication Services (DTS) corporatized in 2000. * Spectrum Management made transparen t and more efficient. All the commitments made under NTP 99  have been fulfilled; each one of them, in letter and spirit, some even ahead of schedule, and the reform process is now complete with all the sectors in telecommunications opened for private competition. CURRENT STATUS Globalisation has made telecommunication an integral part of the infrastructure of the Indian economy. The telecom sector in India has developed as a result of progressive regulatory regime. The Indian telecom market has been displaying sustained high growth rates. Riding on expectations of overall high economic growth and consequent rising income levels, it offers an unprecedented opportunity for foreign investment. A combination of factors is driving growth in the telecom market, promising rich returns on investments. It has also experienced a rapid growth over the past decade on account of regulatory liberalisation, structural reforms and competition, making telecom one of the major catalysts in India’s growth story. However, much of this growth can be attributed to the unprecedented growth in mobile telephony as the number of mobile subscribers grew at an astounding rate. The year 2009, saw the Indian telecom sector add 170 million phone connections to take the total subscriber base to 550 million. T R Dua, Deputy Director General of Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), said, â€Å"It is indeed a matter of great satisfaction that the Indian telecom industry continued to grow even when most other sectors grappled with a demand slowdown. † Studies have shown that in India, the telecom sector has been a major enabler of economic growth. An Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) study has shown that states with higher mobile penetration are forecast to grow faster. At present, the Indian telecom market is the fastest growing in the world with the lowest tariffs and currently market leaders in the Indian telecom sector are launching plans to compete with new operators. The year 2009 saw telecom players shift from per minute billing to per second billing. The Indian telecom industry is characterised with intense competition, and continuous price wars. Currently, there are around a dozen telecom service providers who operate in the wired and wireless segment. The government has been periodically implementing suitable fiscal and promotional policies to boost domestic demand and to create volumes for the industry. The Indian telecom market size of over US $ 8 billion is expected to increase three fold by 2012. The Indian telecom industry has immense growth potential as the teledensity in the country is just 36 as compared with 60 in the US, 102 in the UK and 58 in Canada. The wireless segment growth has played a dominant role in taking the teledensity to the current levels. In the next few years, the industry is poised to grow further; in fact, it has already entered a consolidation phase as foreign players are struggling to acquire a pie in this dynamic industry. The Indian Telecom Analysis (2008-2012) report by RNCOS Industry Research Solutions shows that mobile telecom segment has surpassed all other segments in the Indian telecom sector. (The mobile telecom market is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate of around 15 per cent between 2009-10 and 2013-14. The report also indicates that the advance of services such as Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and 3G are fuelling the growth of the Indian telecom sector. Meanwhile, Bangladeshs telecom regulator granted approval to Indian telecom operator, Bharti Airtel’s US$ 300 million proposed investment for a 70 per cent stake in the Abu Dhabi Groups Warid Telecom of Bangladesh. This a pproval makes the company the first Indian operator from the Indian telecom sector to foray into Bangladeshs mobile market. Indian telecom companies are following the trend of global telecom companies such as France Telecom, AT;T and Vodafone to capitalise on the excitement in the mobile applications space—mobile service provider Aircel has partnered Infosys Technologies to launch the first mobile application in the Indian telecom sector. Also, Airtel is considering partnering software company IBM to launch app stores in 2010. This signals the increasing recognition among operators in the Indian telecom sector that the way ahead for mobile technology lies with independent developers. In another development in the Indian telecom sector, Tata Teleservices Ltd (TTSL) has partnered Novatium Solutions Ltd to launch what is said to be the country’s first cloud computing service over wireless broadband, ‘Nova Navigator. The Navigator is being described as a ‘zero maintenance access device with features such as 3G support and plug and play printer support and multimedia support. In a development that will provide fundamental benefits to services offered by the Indian telecom sector, Tata Communications and China Telecom Corp are to jointly build a 500-km optical fibre cable network between the two countries in 2010. Along with the investments of Tata Communications in other subsea cable investments, the India-China Terrestrial Cable will provide high-speed connectivity between Asia and Europe. FUTURE GROWTH PROSPECTUS OF TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA Both fixed line and mobile segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance calls and the international calls, with the provision of broadband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the mobile arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. Mobile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messaging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to transform the Indian telecom market. The GSM, CDMA, WLL service providers are all upgrading them to provide 3G mobile services. Along with improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In the beginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of new handsets, such as Nokias latest N-series, Sony Ericssons W-series, Motorolas PDA phones, etc. ave come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multimedia games, MP3 Players, video generators, Cameras, etc. The value added services provided by the mobile service operators contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. FACTOR S FACILITATING GROWTH OF THE SECTOR The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was brought about by the wireless revolution that began in the nineties. Besides this, the following factors also aided the growth of the industry. Liberalisation The relaxation of telecom regulations has played a major role in the development of the Indian telecom industry. The liberalisation policies of 1991 and the consequent influx of private players have led the industry on a high growth trajectory and have increased the level of competition. Post-liberalisation, the telecom industry has received more investments and has implemented higher technology. Increasing Affordability of Handsets The phenomenal growth in the Indian telecom industry was predominantly aided by the meteoric rise in wireless subscribers, which encouraged mobile handset manufacturers to enter the market and to cater to the growing demand. Further, the manufacturers introduced lower-priced handsets with add-on facilities to cater to the increasing number of subscribers from different strata of the society. Now even entry-level handsets come with features like coloured display and FM radio. Thus, the falling handset prices and the add-on features have triggered growth of the Indian telecom industry. Prepaid Cards Bring in More Subscribers In the late nineties, India was introduced to prepaid cards, which was yet another milestone for the wireless sector. Prepaid cards lured more subscribers into the industry besides lowering the credit risk of service providers due to its upfront payment concept. Prepaid cards were quite a phenomenon among first-time users who wanted to control their bills and students who had limited resources but greater need to be connected. Pre-paid cards greatly helped the cellular market to grow rapidly and cater to the untapped market. Further, the introduction of innovative schemes like recharge coupons of smaller denominations and life time incoming free cards has led to an exponential growth in the subscriber base. Introduction of Calling Party Pays (CPP) The CPP regime was introduced in India in 2003 and under this regime, the calling party who initiated the call was to bear the entire cost of the call. This regime came to be applicable for mobile to mobile calls as well as fixed line to mobile calls. So far India had followed the Receiving Party Pays (RPP) system where the subscriber used to pay for incoming calls from both mobile as well as fixedline networks. Shifting to the CPP system has greatly fuelled the subscriber growth in the sector. Changing Demographic Profile The changing demographic profile of India has also played an important role in subscriber growth. The changed profile is characterised by a large young population, a burgeoning middle class with growing disposable income, urbanisation, increasing literacy levels and higher adaptability to technology. These new features have multiplied the need to be connected always and to own a wireless phone and therefore, in present times mobiles are perceived as a utility rather than a luxury. Increased Competition ; Declining Tariffs Liberalisation of the telecom industry has fuelled intense competition, especially in the cellular segment. The ever-increasing competition has led to high growth of subscribers and has put pressure on tariffs, which have seen a sharp drop over the years. When the cellular phones were introduced, call rates were at a peak of Rs 16 per minute and there were charges for incoming calls too. Today, however, incoming calls are no longer charged and outgoing calls are charged at less than a rupee per minute. Thus, the tariff war has come a long way indeed. Increased competition and the subsequent tariff war have acted as a major catalyst for attracting more subscribers. Apart from these major growth drivers, an improved network coverage, entry of CDMA players, growth of value-added services (VAS), advancement in technology, and growing data services have also driven the growth of the industry. CONCLUSION The telecom industry in India has experienced exponential growth over the past few years and has been an important contributor to economic growth; however, the cut-throat competition and intense tariff wars have had a negative impact on the revenue of players. Despite the challenges, the Indian telecom industry will thrive because of the immense potential in terms of new users. India is one of the most-attractive telecom markets because it is still one of the lowest penetrated markets. The government is keen on developing rural telecom infrastructure and is also set to roll out next generation or 3G services in the country. Operators are on an expansion mode and are investing heavily on telecom infrastructure. Foreign telecom companies are acquiring considerable stakes in Indian companies. Burgeoning middle class and increasing spending power, the government’s thrust on increasing rural telecom coverage, favourable investment climate and positive reforms will ensure that India’s high potential is indeed realised. The government has eased the rules regarding inter circle and intra circle mergers. This has led to a slew of mergers and acquisitions in the recent past. Also as the sector is moving closer to maturity, further consolidation is a reality and this will lead to the survival of more profitable players in this segment. In order to further promote the use of Internet in the country the government is taking proactive steps to develop this sector with the help of the various players in this segment. For this purpose, the use of broadband technology is being mooted and this will go a long way in improving the productivity of the Indian economy as well as turn out to be the next big opportunity for telecom companies after the mobile communications segment. References www. indiatelecom. org www. trai. gov. in www. telecommindia. com www. telecomindiaonline. com/ www. dot. gov. in/